胸外科围手术期肺保护中国专家共识（2019 版）_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

 王天佑，胸外科围手术期肺保护中国专家共识（2019 版）专家组，中国医学基金会胸外科专业委员会

Corresponding author：

王天佑，胸外科围手术期肺保护中国专家共识（2019 版）专家组，中国医学基金会胸外科专业委员会, Email: wangtianyou2005@163.com

Keywords：

围手术期肺保护; 中国专家共识; 胸外科

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201907056

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Citation： 王天佑. 胸外科围手术期肺保护中国专家共识（2019 版）. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2019, 26(9): 835-842. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201907056 Copy

1.	王天佑. 胸外科围手术期肺保护的专家共识. 中华外科杂志, 2009, 47(18): 1361-1364.
2.	Li S, Che G, Shen C, et al. Current situation and consideration on the enhanced recovery protocols in lung cancer surgery. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(Suppl 33): S3855-S3858.
3.	车国卫, 刘伦旭, 周清华. 加速康复外科从理论到实践: 我们需要做什么? 中国肺癌杂志, 2017, 20(4): 219-225.
4.	王天佑. 胸外科围手术期肺部并发症防治专家共识. 中华胸心血管外科, 2009, 25(4): 217-218.
5.	Agostini P, Cieslik H, Rathinam S, et al. Postoperative pulmonary complications following thoracic surgery: are there any modifiable risk factors? Thorax, 2010, 65(9): 815-818.
6.	Sabaté S, Mazo V, Canet J. Predicting postoperative pulmonary complications: implications for outcomes and costs. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2014, 27(2): 201-209.
7.	李鹏飞, 赖玉田, 周坤, 等. 应用 Clavien-Dindo 分级系统对肺癌患者术后并发症分级及危险因素分析. 中国肺癌杂志, 2017, 20(4): 264-271.
8.	Scott WJ, Allen MS, Darling G, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open lobectomy for lung cancer: a secondary analysis of data from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0030 randomized clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(4): 976.
9.	Gw S. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation. N Engl J Med, 1999, 340(12): 937-944.
10.	Nakagawa M, Tanaka H, Tsukuma H, et al. Relationship between the duration of the preoperative smoke-free period and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications after pulmonary surgery. Chest, 2001, 120(3): 705-710.
11.	车国卫, 刘伦旭, 石应康. 加速康复外科临床应用现状与思考. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2016, 23(3): 211-215.
12.	Mei J, Liu L, Tang M, et al. Airway bacterial colonization in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and the alterations during the perioperative period. J Thorac Dis, 2014, 6(9): 1200-1208.
13.	Lugg ST, Tikka T, Agostini PJ, et al. Smoking and timing of cessation on postoperative pulmonary complications after curative-intent lung cancer surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 12(1): 52.
14.	Hanagiri T, Sugio K, Mizukami M, et al. Significance of smoking as a postoperative prognostic factor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2008, 3(10): 1127-1132.
15.	Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 64(22): e77-137.
16.	Li P, Li J, Lai Y, et al. Perioperative changes of serum albumin are a predictor of postoperative pulmonary complications in lung cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(10): 5755-5763.
17.	Li SJ, Fan J, Zhou J, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of bronchopleural fistula after pulmonary resections: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(1): 328-339.
18.	Warner DO, Warner MA, Barnes RD, et al. Perioperative respiratory complications in patients with asthma. Anesthesiology, 1996, 85(3): 460-467.
19.	Wang Z, Zhang J, Cheng Z, et al. Factors affecting major morbidity after video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer. J Surg Res, 2014, 192(2): 628-634.
20.	多学科围手术期气道管理中国专家共识(2018 版)专家组. 多学科围手术期气道管理中国专家共识 (2018 版). 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2018, 25(7): 545-549.
21.	Li S, Wang Z, Huang J, et al. Systematic review of prognostic roles of body mass index for patients undergoing lung cancer surgery: does the 'obesity paradox' really exist? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(5): 817-828.
22.	Ferguson MK, Vigneswaran WT. Diffusing capacity predicts morbidity after lung resection in patients without obstructive lung disease. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 85(4): 1158-1165.
23.	Brunelli A. Algorithm for functional evaluation of lung resection candidates: time for reappraisal? Respiration, 2009, 78(1): 117-118.
24.	Zhang R, Lee SM, Wigfield C, et al. Lung function predicts pulmonary complications regardless of the surgical approach. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(5): 1761-1767.
25.	Yoshimi K, Oh S, Suzuki K, et al. Impact of airflow limitation on comorbidities and postoperative complications in patients undergoing thoracic surgery: a retrospective observational study. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 22(3): 146-152.
26.	Li S, Fan J, Liu J, et al. Neoadjuvant therapy and risk of bronchopleural fistula after lung cancer surgery: a systematic meta-analysis of 14912 patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2016, 46(6): 534-546.
27.	Güldner A, Kiss T, Serpa Neto A, et al. Intraoperative protective mechanical ventilation for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications: a comprehensive review of the role of tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure, and lung recruitment maneuvers. Anesthesiology, 2015, 123(3): 692-713.
28.	Licker M, Fauconnet P, Villiger Y, et al. Acute lung injury and outcomes after thoracic surgery. Curr Opin Anesthesiol, 2009, 22(1): 61-67.
29.	Saied NN, Helwani MA, Weavind LM, et al. Effect of anesthesia type on postoperative mortality and morbidities: a matched analysis of the NSQIP database. Br J Anaesth, 2017, 118(1): 105-111.
30.	Pedersen T, Viby-Mogensen J, Ringsted C. Anesthetic practice and postoperative pulmonary complications. Acta Anesthesiol Scand, 1992, 36(8): 812-818.
31.	Hedenstierna G, Rothen HU. Respiratory function during anesthesia: effects on gas exchange. Comprehensive Physiology, 2012, 2(1): 69-96.
32.	Schwieger I, Gamulin Z, Suter PM. Lung function during anesthesia and respiratory insufficiency in the postoperative period: physiological and clinical implications. Act Anesthesiol Scand, 1989, 33(7): 527-534.
33.	Olsson GL. Bronchospasm during anesthesia: A computer-aided incidence study of 136929 patients. Act Anesthesiol Scand, 1987, 31(3): 244-252.
34.	Jeon K, Yoon JW, Suh GY, et al. Risk factors for post-pneumonectomy acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in primary lung cancer patients. Anesth Intensive Care, 2009, 37(1): 14-19.
35.	Abe K, Shimizu T, Takashina M, et al. The effects of propofol, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on oxygenation and shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation. Anesth Analg, 1998, 87(5): 1164-1169.
36.	Trachsel D, Svendsen J, Erb TO, et al. Effects of anesthesia on pediatric lung function. Br J Anaesth, 2016, 117(2): 151.
37.	Voepel-Lewis T, Marinkovic A, Kostrzewa A, et al. The prevalence of and risk factors for adverse events in children receiving patient-controlled analgesia by proxy or patient-controlled analgesia after surgery. Anesth Analg, 2008, 107(1): 70-75.
38.	McLean DJ, Diaz-Gil D, Farhan HN, et al. Dose-dependent association between intermediate-acting neuromuscular-blocking agents and postoperative respiratory complication. Anesthesiology, 2015, 122(6): 1201-1213.
39.	Fortier LP, McKeen D, Turner K, et al. The RECITE Study: a canadian prospective, multicenter study of the incidence and severity of residual neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg, 2015, 121(2): 366-372.
40.	Smallwood CD, Boloori-Zadeh P, Silva MR, et al. High oxygen concentrations adversely affect the performance of pulmonary surfactant. Respir Care, 2017, 62(8): 1085-1090.
41.	Dantzker DR, Wagner PD, West Jb. Instability of lung units with low VA/Q during O2 breathing. J Appl Physiol, 1975, 38(5): 886-895.
42.	Joyce CJ, Williams AB. Kinetics of absorption atelectasis during, anesthesia: a mathematical model. J Appl Physiol, 1999, 86(4): 1116-1125.
43.	Møller AM, Pedersen T, Svendsen PE, et al. Perioperative risk factors in elective pneumonectomy: the impact of excess fluid balance. Eur J Anesthesiol, 2002, 19(01): 57-62.
44.	Arslantas MK, Kara HV, Tuncer BB, et al. Effect of the amount of intraoperative fluid administration on postoperative pulmonary complications following anatomic lung resections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 149(1): 314-321.
45.	Clifford L, Jia Q, Subramanian A. Characterizing the epidemiology of postoperative transfusion-related acute lung injury. Anesthesiology, 2015, 122(1): 12-20.
46.	Smetana GW, Lawrence VA, Cornell JE, et al. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for non-cardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med, 2006, 144(8): 581-595.
47.	Members of the Working Party, Nightingale CE, Margarson MP1, Shearer E, et al. Peri-operative management of the obese surgical patient 2015 Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland Society for Obesity and Bariatric Anesthesia. Anaesthesia, 2015, 70(7): 859-876.
48.	Yang CK, Teng A, Lee DY. Pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery: National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis. J Surg Res, 2015, 198(2): 441-449.
49.	Shilling Am R J. Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and infections. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2008, 22(3): 519-535.
50.	van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(19): 1359-1367.
51.	Van den Berghe G, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, et al. Clinical review: Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: NICE-SUGAR or Leuven blood glucose target? J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009, 94(9): 3163-3170.
52.	Shin J, Kunisawa S, Fushimi K, et al. Effects of preoperative oral management by dentists on postoperative outcomes following esophagectomy: Multilevel propensity score matching and weighting analyses using the Japanese inpatient database. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(17): e15376.
53.	孟迪, 胡坚. 术后肺部并发症现状. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2015, 22(12): 1085-1086.
54.	苏建华, 车国卫. 肺癌患者术前肺功能评定的现状与进展. 中国肿瘤临床, 2017, 44(7): 301-305.
55.	Brunelli A, Refai M, Xiumé F, et al. Performance at symptom-limited stair-climbing test is associated with increased cardiopulmonary complications, mortality, and costs after major lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 86(1): 240-247.
56.	Gao K, Yu PM, Su JH, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing screening and pre-operative pulmonary rehabilitation reduce postoperative complications and improve fast-track recovery after lung cancer surgery: A study for 342 cases. Thorac Cancer, 2015, 6(4): 443-449.
57.	周坤, 吴砚铭, 苏建华, 等. 肺癌患者术前呼气峰流速可以预测肺叶切除术后肺部并发症吗? 中国肺癌杂志, 2017, 20(9): 603-609.
58.	Lai Y, Wang X, Li P, et al. Preoperative peak expiratory flow (PEF) for predicting postoperative pulmonary complications after lung cancer lobectomy: a prospective study with 725 cases. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(7): 4293-4301.
59.	刘敬臣, 王海棠. 非心肺手术患者术后肺部并发症的风险评估与防治措施. 2007 年西部麻醉学论坛论文汇编, 2007: 103-109.
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61.	唐煜东, 梅小丽, 郑娥, 等. 胸部肿瘤术后患者不良情绪现状及影响因素分析. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2018, 25(1): 67-70.
62.	Miskovic A, Lumb AB. Postoperative pulmonary complications. Br J Anesth, 2017, 118(3): 317-334.
63.	Wong J, Lam DP, Abrishami A, et al. Short-term preoperative smoking cessation and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth, 2012, 59(3): 268-279.
64.	Myers K, Hajek P, Hinds C, et al. Stopping smoking shortly before surgery and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med, 2011, 171(11): 983-989.
65.	Pouwels S, Fiddelaers J, Teijink JA, et al. Preoperative exercise therapy in lung surgery patients: A systematic review. Respir Med, 2015, 109(12): 1495-1504.
66.	张楚, 王海勇, 崔健. 肺癌合并 COPD 的患者围手术期联合应用盐酸氨溴索和异丙托溴铵的效果. 中华胸心血管外科杂志, 2014, 30(5): 319-320.
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69.	王会东, 冀晋杰, 徐学敏, 等. 麻醉期间目标导向液体治疗对肺叶切除术后急性肺损伤的影响. 解放军医学院学报, 2015, 2015(11): 1109-1112.
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1. 王天佑. 胸外科围手术期肺保护的专家共识. 中华外科杂志, 2009, 47(18): 1361-1364.
2. Li S, Che G, Shen C, et al. Current situation and consideration on the enhanced recovery protocols in lung cancer surgery. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(Suppl 33): S3855-S3858.
3. 车国卫, 刘伦旭, 周清华. 加速康复外科从理论到实践: 我们需要做什么? 中国肺癌杂志, 2017, 20(4): 219-225.
4. 王天佑. 胸外科围手术期肺部并发症防治专家共识. 中华胸心血管外科, 2009, 25(4): 217-218.
5. Agostini P, Cieslik H, Rathinam S, et al. Postoperative pulmonary complications following thoracic surgery: are there any modifiable risk factors? Thorax, 2010, 65(9): 815-818.
6. Sabaté S, Mazo V, Canet J. Predicting postoperative pulmonary complications: implications for outcomes and costs. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2014, 27(2): 201-209.
7. 李鹏飞, 赖玉田, 周坤, 等. 应用 Clavien-Dindo 分级系统对肺癌患者术后并发症分级及危险因素分析. 中国肺癌杂志, 2017, 20(4): 264-271.
8. Scott WJ, Allen MS, Darling G, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open lobectomy for lung cancer: a secondary analysis of data from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0030 randomized clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(4): 976.
9. Gw S. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation. N Engl J Med, 1999, 340(12): 937-944.
10. Nakagawa M, Tanaka H, Tsukuma H, et al. Relationship between the duration of the preoperative smoke-free period and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications after pulmonary surgery. Chest, 2001, 120(3): 705-710.
11. 车国卫, 刘伦旭, 石应康. 加速康复外科临床应用现状与思考. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2016, 23(3): 211-215.
12. Mei J, Liu L, Tang M, et al. Airway bacterial colonization in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and the alterations during the perioperative period. J Thorac Dis, 2014, 6(9): 1200-1208.
13. Lugg ST, Tikka T, Agostini PJ, et al. Smoking and timing of cessation on postoperative pulmonary complications after curative-intent lung cancer surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 12(1): 52.
14. Hanagiri T, Sugio K, Mizukami M, et al. Significance of smoking as a postoperative prognostic factor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2008, 3(10): 1127-1132.
15. Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 64(22): e77-137.
16. Li P, Li J, Lai Y, et al. Perioperative changes of serum albumin are a predictor of postoperative pulmonary complications in lung cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(10): 5755-5763.
17. Li SJ, Fan J, Zhou J, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of bronchopleural fistula after pulmonary resections: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(1): 328-339.
18. Warner DO, Warner MA, Barnes RD, et al. Perioperative respiratory complications in patients with asthma. Anesthesiology, 1996, 85(3): 460-467.
19. Wang Z, Zhang J, Cheng Z, et al. Factors affecting major morbidity after video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer. J Surg Res, 2014, 192(2): 628-634.
20. 多学科围手术期气道管理中国专家共识(2018 版)专家组. 多学科围手术期气道管理中国专家共识 (2018 版). 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2018, 25(7): 545-549.
21. Li S, Wang Z, Huang J, et al. Systematic review of prognostic roles of body mass index for patients undergoing lung cancer surgery: does the 'obesity paradox' really exist? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(5): 817-828.
22. Ferguson MK, Vigneswaran WT. Diffusing capacity predicts morbidity after lung resection in patients without obstructive lung disease. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 85(4): 1158-1165.
23. Brunelli A. Algorithm for functional evaluation of lung resection candidates: time for reappraisal? Respiration, 2009, 78(1): 117-118.
24. Zhang R, Lee SM, Wigfield C, et al. Lung function predicts pulmonary complications regardless of the surgical approach. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(5): 1761-1767.
25. Yoshimi K, Oh S, Suzuki K, et al. Impact of airflow limitation on comorbidities and postoperative complications in patients undergoing thoracic surgery: a retrospective observational study. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 22(3): 146-152.
26. Li S, Fan J, Liu J, et al. Neoadjuvant therapy and risk of bronchopleural fistula after lung cancer surgery: a systematic meta-analysis of 14912 patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2016, 46(6): 534-546.
27. Güldner A, Kiss T, Serpa Neto A, et al. Intraoperative protective mechanical ventilation for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications: a comprehensive review of the role of tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure, and lung recruitment maneuvers. Anesthesiology, 2015, 123(3): 692-713.
28. Licker M, Fauconnet P, Villiger Y, et al. Acute lung injury and outcomes after thoracic surgery. Curr Opin Anesthesiol, 2009, 22(1): 61-67.
29. Saied NN, Helwani MA, Weavind LM, et al. Effect of anesthesia type on postoperative mortality and morbidities: a matched analysis of the NSQIP database. Br J Anaesth, 2017, 118(1): 105-111.
30. Pedersen T, Viby-Mogensen J, Ringsted C. Anesthetic practice and postoperative pulmonary complications. Acta Anesthesiol Scand, 1992, 36(8): 812-818.
31. Hedenstierna G, Rothen HU. Respiratory function during anesthesia: effects on gas exchange. Comprehensive Physiology, 2012, 2(1): 69-96.
32. Schwieger I, Gamulin Z, Suter PM. Lung function during anesthesia and respiratory insufficiency in the postoperative period: physiological and clinical implications. Act Anesthesiol Scand, 1989, 33(7): 527-534.
33. Olsson GL. Bronchospasm during anesthesia: A computer-aided incidence study of 136929 patients. Act Anesthesiol Scand, 1987, 31(3): 244-252.
34. Jeon K, Yoon JW, Suh GY, et al. Risk factors for post-pneumonectomy acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in primary lung cancer patients. Anesth Intensive Care, 2009, 37(1): 14-19.
35. Abe K, Shimizu T, Takashina M, et al. The effects of propofol, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on oxygenation and shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation. Anesth Analg, 1998, 87(5): 1164-1169.
36. Trachsel D, Svendsen J, Erb TO, et al. Effects of anesthesia on pediatric lung function. Br J Anaesth, 2016, 117(2): 151.
37. Voepel-Lewis T, Marinkovic A, Kostrzewa A, et al. The prevalence of and risk factors for adverse events in children receiving patient-controlled analgesia by proxy or patient-controlled analgesia after surgery. Anesth Analg, 2008, 107(1): 70-75.
38. McLean DJ, Diaz-Gil D, Farhan HN, et al. Dose-dependent association between intermediate-acting neuromuscular-blocking agents and postoperative respiratory complication. Anesthesiology, 2015, 122(6): 1201-1213.
39. Fortier LP, McKeen D, Turner K, et al. The RECITE Study: a canadian prospective, multicenter study of the incidence and severity of residual neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg, 2015, 121(2): 366-372.
40. Smallwood CD, Boloori-Zadeh P, Silva MR, et al. High oxygen concentrations adversely affect the performance of pulmonary surfactant. Respir Care, 2017, 62(8): 1085-1090.
41. Dantzker DR, Wagner PD, West Jb. Instability of lung units with low VA/Q during O2 breathing. J Appl Physiol, 1975, 38(5): 886-895.
42. Joyce CJ, Williams AB. Kinetics of absorption atelectasis during, anesthesia: a mathematical model. J Appl Physiol, 1999, 86(4): 1116-1125.
43. Møller AM, Pedersen T, Svendsen PE, et al. Perioperative risk factors in elective pneumonectomy: the impact of excess fluid balance. Eur J Anesthesiol, 2002, 19(01): 57-62.
44. Arslantas MK, Kara HV, Tuncer BB, et al. Effect of the amount of intraoperative fluid administration on postoperative pulmonary complications following anatomic lung resections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 149(1): 314-321.
45. Clifford L, Jia Q, Subramanian A. Characterizing the epidemiology of postoperative transfusion-related acute lung injury. Anesthesiology, 2015, 122(1): 12-20.
46. Smetana GW, Lawrence VA, Cornell JE, et al. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for non-cardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med, 2006, 144(8): 581-595.
47. Members of the Working Party, Nightingale CE, Margarson MP1, Shearer E, et al. Peri-operative management of the obese surgical patient 2015 Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland Society for Obesity and Bariatric Anesthesia. Anaesthesia, 2015, 70(7): 859-876.
48. Yang CK, Teng A, Lee DY. Pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery: National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis. J Surg Res, 2015, 198(2): 441-449.
49. Shilling Am R J. Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and infections. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2008, 22(3): 519-535.
50. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(19): 1359-1367.
51. Van den Berghe G, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, et al. Clinical review: Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: NICE-SUGAR or Leuven blood glucose target? J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009, 94(9): 3163-3170.
52. Shin J, Kunisawa S, Fushimi K, et al. Effects of preoperative oral management by dentists on postoperative outcomes following esophagectomy: Multilevel propensity score matching and weighting analyses using the Japanese inpatient database. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(17): e15376.
53. 孟迪, 胡坚. 术后肺部并发症现状. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2015, 22(12): 1085-1086.
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