Diagnosis and Treatment for Occult Breast Cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 马宏民 ¹ , 胡玲玉 ¹ ,  王树森 ²

1. ;
2. ;

Corresponding author：

王树森, Email: wangshs@sysucc.org.cn

Keywords：

隐匿性乳腺癌; 诊断; 治疗

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.20140132

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Citation： 马宏民, 胡玲玉, 王树森. Diagnosis and Treatment for Occult Breast Cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2014, 21(5): 544-548. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.20140132 Copy

1.	Halsted WS.The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast[J].Ann Surg, 1907, 46(1):1-19.
2.	Cameron HC.An address entitled some clinical facts regarding mammary cancer[J].Br Med J, 1909, 1(2514):577-582.
3.	Larsen RR, Sawyer KC, Sawyer RB, et al.Occult carcinoma of the breast[J].Am J Surg, 1964, 107(4):553-555.
4.	Rosen PP.Axillary lymph node metastases in patients with occult noninvasive breast carcinoma[J].Cancer, 1980, 46(5):1298-1306.
5.	Pentheroudakis G, Lazaridis G, Pavlidis N.Axillary nodal metastases from carcinoma of unknown primary (CUPAx):a systematic review of published evidence[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2010, 119(1):1-11.
6.	Hainsworth JD, Greco FA.Management of patients with cancer of unknown primary site[J].Oncol (Williston Park), 2000, 14(4):563-574.
7.	Abbruzzese JL, Abbruzzese MC, Hess KR, et al.Unknown primary carcinoma:natural history and prognostic factors in 657 consecutive patients[J].J Clin Oncol, 1994, 12(6):1272-1280.
8.	Pavlidis N, Briasoulis E, Hainsworth J, et al.Diagnostic and therapeutic management of cancer of an unknown primary[J].Eur J Cancer, 2003, 39(14):1990-2005.
9.	Haupt HM, Rosen PP, Kinne DW.Breast carcinoma presenting with axillary lymph node metastases.An analysis of specific histopathologic features[J].Am J Surg Pathol, 1985, 9(3):165-175.
10.	Blanchard DK, Farley DR.Retrospective study of women presenting with axillary metastases from occult breast carcinoma[J].World J Surg, 2004, 28(6):535-539.
11.	Orel SG, Weinstein SP, Schnall MD, et al.Breast MR imaging in patients with axillary node metastases and unknown primary malignancy[J].Radiology, 1999, 212(2):543-549.
12.	Lenzi R, Kim EE, Raber MN, et al.Detection of primary breast cancer presenting as metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary origin by ¹¹¹In-pentetreotide scan[J].Ann Oncol, 1998, 9(2):213-216.
13.	Henry-Tillman RS, Harms SE, Westbrook KC, et al.Role of breast magnetic resonance imaging in determining breast as a source of unknown metastatic lymphadenopathy[J].Am J Surg, 1999, 178(6):496-500.
14.	Danielsson R, Reihnér E, Grabowska A, et al.The role of scintimammography with 99mTc-sestamibi as a complementary diagnostic technique in the detection of breast cancer[J].Acta radiol, 2000, 41(5):441-445.
15.	Schorn C, Fischer U, Luftner-Nagel S, et al.MRI of the breast in patients with metastatic disease of unknown primary[J].Eur Radiol, 1999, 9(3):470-473.
16.	Morris EA, Schwartz LH, Dershaw DD, et al.MR imaging of the breast in patients with occult primary breast carcinoma[J].Radiology, 1997, 205(2):437-440.
17.	Buchanan CL, Morris EA, Dorn PL, et al.Utility of breast magnetic resonance imaging in patients with occult primary breast cancer[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2005, 12(12):1045-1053.
18.	Olson JA, Morris EA, Van Zee KJ, et al.Magnetic resonance imaging facilitates breast conservation for occult breast cancer[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2000, 7(6):411-415.
19.	Sakorafas GH, Tsiotou AG.Occult breast cancer:a challenge from a surgical perspective[J].Surg Oncol, 1999, 8(1):27-33.
20.	Sawicki MP, Howard TJ, Passaro E Jr.Heterotopic tissue in lymph nodes.An unrecognized problem[J].Arch Surg, 1990, 125(10):1394-1398.
21.	Tench DW, Page DL.The unknown primary presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy[A]//The breast:comprehensive management of benign and malignant disease[M].2nd edition.W.B.Sauders company, 1998:1447-1452.
22.	Kaufmann O, Deidesheimer T, Muehlenberg M, et al.Immunohistochemical differentiation of metastatic breast carcinomas from metastatic adenocarcinomas of other common primary sites[J].Histopathology, 1996, 29(3):233-240.
23.	Han JH, Kang Y, Shin HC, et al.Mammaglobin expression in lymph nodes is an important marker of metastatic breast carcinoma[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2003, 127(10):1330-1334.
24.	Knapper WH.Management of occult breast cancer presenting as an axillary metastasis[J].Semin Surg Oncol, 1992, 7(5):311-313.
25.	Vlastos G, Jean ME, Mirza AN, et al.Feasibility of breast preservation in the treatment of occult primary carcinoma presenting with axillary metastases[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2001, 8(5):425-431.
26.	Merson M, Andreola S, Galimberti V, et al.Breast carcinoma presenting as axillary metastases without evidence of a primary tumor[J].Cancer, 1992, 70(2):504-508.
27.	van Ooijen B, Bontenbal M, Henzen-Logmans SC, et al.Axillary nodal metastases from an occult primary consistent with breast carcinoma[J].Br J Surg, 1993, 80(10):1299-1300.
28.	Rosen PP, Kimmel M.Occult breast carcinoma presenting with axillary lymph node metastases:a follow-up study of 48 patients[J].Hum Pathol, 1990, 21(5):518-523.
29.	Lacroix M, Toillon RA, Leclercq G.Stable 'portrait' of breast tumors during progression:data from biology, pathology and genetics[J].Endocr Relat Cancer, 2004, 11(3):497-522.
30.	Foroudi F, Tiver KW.Occult breast carcinoma presenting as axillary metastases[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2000, 47(1):143-147.
31.	Ellerbroek N, Holmes F, Singletary E, et al.Treatment of patients with isolated axillary nodal metastases from an occult primary carcinoma consistent with breast origin[J].Cancer, 1990, 66(7):1461-1467.
32.	Jackson B, Scott-Conner C, Moulder J.Axillary metastasis from occult breast carcinoma:diagnosis and management[J].Am Surg, 1995, 61(5):431-434.
33.	Stomper PC, Waddell BE, Edge SB, et al.Breast MRI in the evaluation of patients with occult primary breast carcinoma[J].Breast J, 1999, 5(4):230-234.
34.	Kyokane T, Akashi-Tanaka S, Matsui T, et al.Clinicopathological characteristics of non-palpable breast cancer presenting as an axillary mass[J].Breast Cancer, 1995, 2(2):105-112.
35.	Patel J, Nemoto T, Rosner D, et al.Axillary lymph node metastasis from an occult breast cancer[J].Cancer, 1981, 47(12):2923-2927.
36.	Feigenberg Z, Zer M, Dintsman M.Axillary metastases from an unknown primary source[J].Isr J Med Sci, 1976, 12(10):1153-1158.
37.	Vilcoq JR, Calle R, Ferme F, et al.Conservative treatment of axillary adenopathy due to probable subclinical breast cancer[J].Arch Surg, 1982, 117(9):1136-1138.
38.	Campana F, Fourquet A, Ashby MA, et al.Presentation of axillary lymphadenopathy without detectable breast primary (T₀N_ib breast cancer):experience at Institut Curie[J].Radiother Oncol, 1989, 15(4):321-325.
39.	Shannon C, Walsh G, Sapunar F, et al.Occult primary breast carcinoma presenting as axillary lymphadenopathy[J].Breast, 2002, 11(5):414-418.
40.	Walker GV, Smith GL, Perkins GH, et al.Population-based analysis of occult primary breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis[J].Cancer, 2010, 116(17):4000-4006.
41.	Varadarajan R, Edge SB, Yu J, et al.Prognosis of occult breast carcinoma presenting as isolated axillary nodal metastasis[J].Oncology, 2006, 71(5/6):456-459.
42.	He M, Tang LC, Yu KD, et al.Treatment outcomes and unfavorable prognostic factors in patients with occult breast cancer[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 2012, 38(11):1022-1028.
43.	Li S, Yu KD, Fan L, et al.Predicting breast cancer recurrence following breast-conserving therapy:a single-institution analysis consisting of 764 Chinese breast cancer cases[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(9):2492-2499.
44.	Bennett Britton TM, Purushotham AD.Understanding breast cancer-related lymphoedema[J].Surgeon, 2009, 7(2):120-124.
45.	Goldhirsch A, Ingle JN, Gelber RD, et al.Thresholds for therapies:highlights of the St.Gallen International Expert Consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2009[J].Ann Oncol, 2009, 20(8):1319-1329.
46.	Ashikari R, Rosen PP, Urban JA, et al.Breast cancer presenting as an axillary mass[J].Ann Surg, 1976, 183(4):415-417.
47.	Vezzoni P, Balestrazzi A, Bignami P, et al.Axillary lymph node metastases from occult carcinoma of the breast[J].Tumori, 1979, 65(1):87-91.
48.	Newman LA, Singletary SE.Overview of adjuvant systemic therapy in early stage breast cancer[J].Surg Clin North Am, 2007, 87(2):499-509, xi.
49.	Svastics E, Ronay P, Bodo M.Occult breast cancer presenting with axillary metastasis[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 1993, 19(6):575-580.
50.	Montagna E, Bagnardi V, Rotmensz N, et al.Immunohistochemically defined subtypes and outcome in occult breast carcinoma with axillary presentation[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2011, 129(3):867-875.
51.	Galimberti V, Bassani G, Monti S, et al.Clinical experience with axillary presentation breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2004, 88(1):43-47.
52.	Locopo N, Fanelli M, Gasparini G.Clinical significance of angiogenic factors in breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat, 1993, 52(1/3):159-173.

1. Halsted WS.The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast[J].Ann Surg, 1907, 46(1):1-19.
2. Cameron HC.An address entitled some clinical facts regarding mammary cancer[J].Br Med J, 1909, 1(2514):577-582.
3. Larsen RR, Sawyer KC, Sawyer RB, et al.Occult carcinoma of the breast[J].Am J Surg, 1964, 107(4):553-555.
4. Rosen PP.Axillary lymph node metastases in patients with occult noninvasive breast carcinoma[J].Cancer, 1980, 46(5):1298-1306.
5. Pentheroudakis G, Lazaridis G, Pavlidis N.Axillary nodal metastases from carcinoma of unknown primary (CUPAx):a systematic review of published evidence[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2010, 119(1):1-11.
6. Hainsworth JD, Greco FA.Management of patients with cancer of unknown primary site[J].Oncol (Williston Park), 2000, 14(4):563-574.
7. Abbruzzese JL, Abbruzzese MC, Hess KR, et al.Unknown primary carcinoma:natural history and prognostic factors in 657 consecutive patients[J].J Clin Oncol, 1994, 12(6):1272-1280.
8. Pavlidis N, Briasoulis E, Hainsworth J, et al.Diagnostic and therapeutic management of cancer of an unknown primary[J].Eur J Cancer, 2003, 39(14):1990-2005.
9. Haupt HM, Rosen PP, Kinne DW.Breast carcinoma presenting with axillary lymph node metastases.An analysis of specific histopathologic features[J].Am J Surg Pathol, 1985, 9(3):165-175.
10. Blanchard DK, Farley DR.Retrospective study of women presenting with axillary metastases from occult breast carcinoma[J].World J Surg, 2004, 28(6):535-539.
11. Orel SG, Weinstein SP, Schnall MD, et al.Breast MR imaging in patients with axillary node metastases and unknown primary malignancy[J].Radiology, 1999, 212(2):543-549.
12. Lenzi R, Kim EE, Raber MN, et al.Detection of primary breast cancer presenting as metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary origin by ¹¹¹In-pentetreotide scan[J].Ann Oncol, 1998, 9(2):213-216.
13. Henry-Tillman RS, Harms SE, Westbrook KC, et al.Role of breast magnetic resonance imaging in determining breast as a source of unknown metastatic lymphadenopathy[J].Am J Surg, 1999, 178(6):496-500.
14. Danielsson R, Reihnér E, Grabowska A, et al.The role of scintimammography with 99mTc-sestamibi as a complementary diagnostic technique in the detection of breast cancer[J].Acta radiol, 2000, 41(5):441-445.
15. Schorn C, Fischer U, Luftner-Nagel S, et al.MRI of the breast in patients with metastatic disease of unknown primary[J].Eur Radiol, 1999, 9(3):470-473.
16. Morris EA, Schwartz LH, Dershaw DD, et al.MR imaging of the breast in patients with occult primary breast carcinoma[J].Radiology, 1997, 205(2):437-440.
17. Buchanan CL, Morris EA, Dorn PL, et al.Utility of breast magnetic resonance imaging in patients with occult primary breast cancer[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2005, 12(12):1045-1053.
18. Olson JA, Morris EA, Van Zee KJ, et al.Magnetic resonance imaging facilitates breast conservation for occult breast cancer[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2000, 7(6):411-415.
19. Sakorafas GH, Tsiotou AG.Occult breast cancer:a challenge from a surgical perspective[J].Surg Oncol, 1999, 8(1):27-33.
20. Sawicki MP, Howard TJ, Passaro E Jr.Heterotopic tissue in lymph nodes.An unrecognized problem[J].Arch Surg, 1990, 125(10):1394-1398.
21. Tench DW, Page DL.The unknown primary presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy[A]//The breast:comprehensive management of benign and malignant disease[M].2nd edition.W.B.Sauders company, 1998:1447-1452.
22. Kaufmann O, Deidesheimer T, Muehlenberg M, et al.Immunohistochemical differentiation of metastatic breast carcinomas from metastatic adenocarcinomas of other common primary sites[J].Histopathology, 1996, 29(3):233-240.
23. Han JH, Kang Y, Shin HC, et al.Mammaglobin expression in lymph nodes is an important marker of metastatic breast carcinoma[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2003, 127(10):1330-1334.
24. Knapper WH.Management of occult breast cancer presenting as an axillary metastasis[J].Semin Surg Oncol, 1992, 7(5):311-313.
25. Vlastos G, Jean ME, Mirza AN, et al.Feasibility of breast preservation in the treatment of occult primary carcinoma presenting with axillary metastases[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2001, 8(5):425-431.
26. Merson M, Andreola S, Galimberti V, et al.Breast carcinoma presenting as axillary metastases without evidence of a primary tumor[J].Cancer, 1992, 70(2):504-508.
27. van Ooijen B, Bontenbal M, Henzen-Logmans SC, et al.Axillary nodal metastases from an occult primary consistent with breast carcinoma[J].Br J Surg, 1993, 80(10):1299-1300.
28. Rosen PP, Kimmel M.Occult breast carcinoma presenting with axillary lymph node metastases:a follow-up study of 48 patients[J].Hum Pathol, 1990, 21(5):518-523.
29. Lacroix M, Toillon RA, Leclercq G.Stable 'portrait' of breast tumors during progression:data from biology, pathology and genetics[J].Endocr Relat Cancer, 2004, 11(3):497-522.
30. Foroudi F, Tiver KW.Occult breast carcinoma presenting as axillary metastases[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2000, 47(1):143-147.
31. Ellerbroek N, Holmes F, Singletary E, et al.Treatment of patients with isolated axillary nodal metastases from an occult primary carcinoma consistent with breast origin[J].Cancer, 1990, 66(7):1461-1467.
32. Jackson B, Scott-Conner C, Moulder J.Axillary metastasis from occult breast carcinoma:diagnosis and management[J].Am Surg, 1995, 61(5):431-434.
33. Stomper PC, Waddell BE, Edge SB, et al.Breast MRI in the evaluation of patients with occult primary breast carcinoma[J].Breast J, 1999, 5(4):230-234.
34. Kyokane T, Akashi-Tanaka S, Matsui T, et al.Clinicopathological characteristics of non-palpable breast cancer presenting as an axillary mass[J].Breast Cancer, 1995, 2(2):105-112.
35. Patel J, Nemoto T, Rosner D, et al.Axillary lymph node metastasis from an occult breast cancer[J].Cancer, 1981, 47(12):2923-2927.
36. Feigenberg Z, Zer M, Dintsman M.Axillary metastases from an unknown primary source[J].Isr J Med Sci, 1976, 12(10):1153-1158.
37. Vilcoq JR, Calle R, Ferme F, et al.Conservative treatment of axillary adenopathy due to probable subclinical breast cancer[J].Arch Surg, 1982, 117(9):1136-1138.
38. Campana F, Fourquet A, Ashby MA, et al.Presentation of axillary lymphadenopathy without detectable breast primary (T₀N_ib breast cancer):experience at Institut Curie[J].Radiother Oncol, 1989, 15(4):321-325.
39. Shannon C, Walsh G, Sapunar F, et al.Occult primary breast carcinoma presenting as axillary lymphadenopathy[J].Breast, 2002, 11(5):414-418.
40. Walker GV, Smith GL, Perkins GH, et al.Population-based analysis of occult primary breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis[J].Cancer, 2010, 116(17):4000-4006.
41. Varadarajan R, Edge SB, Yu J, et al.Prognosis of occult breast carcinoma presenting as isolated axillary nodal metastasis[J].Oncology, 2006, 71(5/6):456-459.
42. He M, Tang LC, Yu KD, et al.Treatment outcomes and unfavorable prognostic factors in patients with occult breast cancer[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 2012, 38(11):1022-1028.
43. Li S, Yu KD, Fan L, et al.Predicting breast cancer recurrence following breast-conserving therapy:a single-institution analysis consisting of 764 Chinese breast cancer cases[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(9):2492-2499.
44. Bennett Britton TM, Purushotham AD.Understanding breast cancer-related lymphoedema[J].Surgeon, 2009, 7(2):120-124.
45. Goldhirsch A, Ingle JN, Gelber RD, et al.Thresholds for therapies:highlights of the St.Gallen International Expert Consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2009[J].Ann Oncol, 2009, 20(8):1319-1329.
46. Ashikari R, Rosen PP, Urban JA, et al.Breast cancer presenting as an axillary mass[J].Ann Surg, 1976, 183(4):415-417.
47. Vezzoni P, Balestrazzi A, Bignami P, et al.Axillary lymph node metastases from occult carcinoma of the breast[J].Tumori, 1979, 65(1):87-91.
48. Newman LA, Singletary SE.Overview of adjuvant systemic therapy in early stage breast cancer[J].Surg Clin North Am, 2007, 87(2):499-509, xi.
49. Svastics E, Ronay P, Bodo M.Occult breast cancer presenting with axillary metastasis[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 1993, 19(6):575-580.
50. Montagna E, Bagnardi V, Rotmensz N, et al.Immunohistochemically defined subtypes and outcome in occult breast carcinoma with axillary presentation[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2011, 129(3):867-875.
51. Galimberti V, Bassani G, Monti S, et al.Clinical experience with axillary presentation breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2004, 88(1):43-47.
52. Locopo N, Fanelli M, Gasparini G.Clinical significance of angiogenic factors in breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat, 1993, 52(1/3):159-173.

Previous Article
Consideration of Individualized Treatment of Breast Cancer in Age Less Than 35 Years Women
Next Article
Value of Internal Mammary Lymph Node in Staging and Adjuvant Therapy of Breast Cancer

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Diagnosis and Treatment for Occult Breast Cancer

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content