Research Progress of Long Noncoding RNAs in Common Digestive System Neoplasms_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 TANGLong ¹ , TANGShi-lei ¹ , LIUGu-yue ² , MAZhen-nan ³ , ZHAODi ³ ,  LIHang-yu ¹

1. Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China;
2. Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Capital Pediatric Institution, Beijing 100020, China;
3. Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China;

Corresponding author：

LIHang-yu, Email: li_hangyu@126.com

Keywords：

Long noncoding RNAs; Neoplasm; Digestive system

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.20150266

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To understand the latest research progress of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in occurrence and development mechanisms of common digestive system neoplasms. Method Literatures about regulated occurrence and development mechanisms of digestive system neoplasms by lncRNA were reviewed according to the results searched from PubMed. Results There were three main function modes (decoy, guide, and scaffold) of the lncRNAs, which could regulate proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis of the digestive system neoplasms, such as gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, and pancreatic cancer through the mechanisms of the epigenetic regulation, transcription regulation, and posttranscription regulation. Conclusions The functions and tumorigenic mechanisms of the most lncRNAs are not entirely clear. The functions of lncRNAs played in the digestive system neoplasms needs to be understood, which might contribute to new tumor biomarker detection and effective treatment strategies.

Citation： TANGLong, TANGShi-lei, LIUGu-yue, MAZhen-nan, ZHAODi, LIHang-yu. Research Progress of Long Noncoding RNAs in Common Digestive System Neoplasms. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2015, 22(8): 1014-1018. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.20150266 Copy

1.	Caley DP, Pink RC, Trujillano D, et al. Long noncoding RNAs, chromatin, and development. Sci World J, 2010, 10:90-102.
2.	Guttman M, Rinn JL. Modular regulatory principles of large non-coding RNAs. Nature, 2012, 482(7385):339-346.
3.	Fang XY, Pan HF, Leng RX, et al. Long noncoding RNAs:novel insights into gastric cancer. Cancer Lett, 2015, 356(2 Pt B):357-366.
4.	Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Mattick JS. Long non-coding RNAs:insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet, 2009, 10(3):155-159.
5.	Abi Khalil C. The emerging role of epigenetics in cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Chronic Dis, 2014, 5(4):178-187.
6.	Marchese FP, Huarte M. Long non-coding RNAs and chromatin modifiers:their place in the epigenetic code. Epigenetics, 2014, 9(1):21-26.
7.	Yoon JH, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M. Posttranscriptional gene regulation by long noncoding RNA. J Mol Biol, 2013, 425(19):3723-3730.
8.	Beckedorff FC, Amaral MS, Deocesano-Pereira C, et al. Long non-coding RNAs and their implications in cancer epigenetics. Biosci Rep, 2013, 33(4). pii:e00061.
9.	Wilusz JE, Sunwoo H, Spector DL. Long noncoding RNAs:func-tional surprises from the RNA world. Genes Dev, 2009, 23(13):1494-1504.
10.	Koerner MV, Pauler FM, Huang R, et al. The function of non-coding RNAs in genomic imprinting. Development, 2009, 136(11):1771-1783.
11.	Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer:a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol, 2012, 9(6):703-719.
12.	Brunner AL, Beck AH, Edris B, et al. Transcriptional profiling of long non-coding RNAs and novel transcribed regions across a diverse panel of archived human cancers. Genome Biol, 2012, 13(8):R75.
13.	Chen J, Wang T, Zhou YC, et al. Aquaporin 3 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2014, 33:38.
14.	Xue Y, Ma G, Gu D, et al. Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA signature in human colorectal cancer. Gene, 2015, 556(2):227-234.
15.	Kino T, Hurt DE, Ichijo T, et al. Noncoding RNA gas5 is a growth arrest-and starvation-associated repressor of the glucocorticoid receptor. Sci Signal, 2010, 3(107):ra8.
16.	Hung T, Wang Y, Lin MF, et al. Extensive and coordinated transcri-ption of noncoding RNAs within cell-cycle promoters. Nat Genet, 2011, 43(7):621-629.
17.	Redon S, Reichenbach P, Lingner J. The non-coding RNA TERRA is a natural ligand and direct inhibitor of human telomerase. Nucleic Acids Res, 2010, 38(17):5797-5806.
18.	Zhuang M, Gao W, Xu J, et al. The long non-coding RNA H19-derived miR-675 modulates human gastric cancer cell proliferation by targeting tumor suppressor RUNX1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2014, 448(3):315-322.
19.	Zhao J, Sun BK, Erwin JA, et al. Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome. Science, 2008, 322 (592):750-756.
20.	Niland CN, Merry CR, Khalil AM. Emerging roles for long non-coding rnas in cancer and neurological disorders. Front Genet, 2012, 3:25.
21.	Chu C, Qu K, Zhong FL, et al. Genomic maps of long noncoding RNA occupancy reveal principles of RNA-chromatin interactions. Mol Cell, 2011, 44(4):667-678.
22.	Yap KL, Li S, Muñoz-Cabello AM, et al. Molecular interplay of the noncoding RNA ANRIL and methylated histone H3 lysine 27 by polycomb CBX7 in transcriptional silencing of INK4a. Mol Cell, 2010, 38(5):662-674.
23.	Kotake Y, Nakagawa T, Kitagawa K, et al. Long non-coding RNA ANRIL is required for the PRC2 recruitment to and silencing of p15 (INK4B) tumor suppressor gene. Oncogene, 2011, 30(16):1956-1962.
24.	Pandey RR, Mondal T, Mohammad F, et al. Kcnq1ot1 antisense noncoding RNA mediates lineage-specific transcriptional silencing through chromatin-level regulation. Mol Cell, 2008, 32(2):232-246.
25.	Clemson CM, Hutchinson JN, Sara SA, et al. An architectural role for a nuclear noncoding RNA:NEAT1 RNA is essential for the structure of paraspeckles. Mol Cell, 2009, 33(6):717-726.
26.	Tsai MC, Manor O, Wan Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science, 2010, 329 (5992):689-693.
27.	Yang Z, Zhou L, Wu LM, et al. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR predicts tumor recurrence in hepatocellular carci-noma patients following liver transplantation. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(5):1243-1250.
28.	Kogo R, Shimamura T, Mimori K, et al. Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR regulates polycomb-dependent chromatin modification and is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancers. Cancer Res, 2011, 71(20):6320-6326.
29.	Kim K, Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, et al. HOTAIR is a negative prognostic factor and exhibits pro-oncogenic activity in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene, 2013, 32(13):1616-1625.
30.	Niinuma T, Suzuki H, Nojima M, et al. Upregulation of miR-196a and HOTAIR drive malignant character in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res, 2012, 72(5):1126-1136.
31.	Liu XH, Sun M, Nie FQ, et al. LncRNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by spon-ging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer, 2014, 13:92.
32.	Lin R, Maeda S, Liu C, et al. A large noncoding RNA is a marker for murine hepatocellular carcinomas and a spectrum of human carcinomas. Oncogene, 2007, 26(6):851-858.
33.	Luo JH, Ren B, Keryanov S, et al. Transcriptomic and genomic analysis of human hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Hepatology, 2006, 44(4):1012-1024.
34.	Wang J, Wang H, Zhang Y, et al. Mutual inhibition between YAP and SRSF1 maintains long non-coding RNA, Malat1-induced tumourigenesis in liver cancer. Cell Signal, 2014, 26(5):1048-1059.
35.	Liu JH, Chen G, Dang YW, et al. Expression and prognostic significance of lncRNA MALAT1 in pancreatic cancer tissues. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(7):2971-2977.
36.	Braconi C, Valeri N, Kogure T, et al. Expression and functional role of a transcribed noncoding RNA with an ultraconserved element in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 108(2):786-791.
37.	Calin GA, Liu CG, Ferracin M, et al. Ultraconserved regions enco-ding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas. Cancer Cell, 2007, 12(3):215-229.
38.	Matouk IJ, Degroot N, Mezan S, et al. The H19 non-coding RNA is essential for human tumor growth. PLoS One, 2007, 2(9):e845.
39.	Gabory A, Ripoche MA, Yoshimizu T, et al. The H19 gene:regula-tion and function of a non-coding RNA. Cytogenet Genome Res, 2006, 113(1/4):188-193.
40.	Yang F, Bi J, Xue X, et al. Up-regulated long non-coding RNA H19 contributes to proliferation of gastric cancer cells. FEBS J, 2012, 279(17):3159-3165.
41.	Zhang EB, Han L, Yin DD, et al. c-Myc-induced, long, noncoding H19 affects cell proliferation and predicts a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Med Oncol, 2014, 31(5):914.
42.	Zhou Y, Zhong Y, Wang Y, et al. Activation of p53 by MEG3 non-coding RNA. J Biol Chem, 2007, 282(34):24731-24742.
43.	Zhang X, Gejman R, Mahta A, et al. Maternally expressed gene 3, an imprinted noncoding RNA gene, is associated with meningioma pathogenesis and progression. Cancer Res, 2010, 70(6):2350-2358.
44.	Poliseno L, Salmena L, Zhang J, et al. A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature, 2010, 465(731):1033-1038.
45.	Wang J, Liu X, Wu H, et al. CREB up-regulates long non-coding RNA, HULC expression through interaction with microRNA-372 in liver cancer. Nucleic Acids Res, 2010, 38(16):5366-5383.
46.	Panzitt K, Tschernatsch MM, Guelly C, et al. Characterization of HULC, a novel gene with striking up-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma, as noncoding RNA. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132(1):330-342.
47.	Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, et al. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by nonco-ding RNAs. Cell, 2007, 129(7):1311-1323.
48.	Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang WB, et al. MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta 4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene, 2003, 22(39):8031-8041.
49.	Yamada K, Kano J, Tsunoda H, et al. Phenotypic characterization of endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus. Cancer Sci, 2006, 97(2):106-112.
50.	Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, et al. The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation. Mol Cell, 2010, 39(6):925-938.
51.	李丹.非编码RNA HULC促进细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭的生物学及分子机制研究.北京协和医学院, 2010.
52.	Zhao Y, Guo Q, Chen J, et al. Role of long non-coding RNA HULC in cell proliferation, apoptosis and tumor metastasis of gastric cancer:a clinical and in vitro investigation. Oncol Rep, 2014, 31(1):358-364.
53.	Xie H, Ma H, Zhou D. Plasma HULC as a promising novel biomar-ker for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Res Int, 2013:136106.
54.	Matouk IJ, Abbasi I, Hochberg A, et al. Highly upregulated in liver cancer noncoding RNA is overexpressed in hepatic colorectal metastasis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 21(6):688-692.
55.	Braconi C, Kogure T, Valeri N, et al. microRNA-29 can regulate expression of the long non-coding RNA gene MEG3 in hepatoce-llular cancer. Oncogene, 2011, 30(47):4750-4756.
56.	Sun M, Xia R, Jin F, et al. Downregulated long noncoding RNA MEG3 is associated with poor prognosis and promotes cell prolifera-tion in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol, 2014, 35(2):1065-1073.
57.	Ji Q, Zhang L, Liu X, et al. Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 promotes tumour growth and metastasis in colorectal cancer through binding to SFPQ and releasing oncogene PTBP2 from SFPQ/PTBP2 complex. Br J Cancer, 2014, 111(4):736-748.
58.	Yang MH, Hu ZY, Xu C, et al. MALAT1 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation/migration/invasion via PRKA kinase anchor protein 9. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2015, 1852(1):166-174.

1. Caley DP, Pink RC, Trujillano D, et al. Long noncoding RNAs, chromatin, and development. Sci World J, 2010, 10:90-102.
2. Guttman M, Rinn JL. Modular regulatory principles of large non-coding RNAs. Nature, 2012, 482(7385):339-346.
3. Fang XY, Pan HF, Leng RX, et al. Long noncoding RNAs:novel insights into gastric cancer. Cancer Lett, 2015, 356(2 Pt B):357-366.
4. Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Mattick JS. Long non-coding RNAs:insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet, 2009, 10(3):155-159.
5. Abi Khalil C. The emerging role of epigenetics in cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Chronic Dis, 2014, 5(4):178-187.
6. Marchese FP, Huarte M. Long non-coding RNAs and chromatin modifiers:their place in the epigenetic code. Epigenetics, 2014, 9(1):21-26.
7. Yoon JH, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M. Posttranscriptional gene regulation by long noncoding RNA. J Mol Biol, 2013, 425(19):3723-3730.
8. Beckedorff FC, Amaral MS, Deocesano-Pereira C, et al. Long non-coding RNAs and their implications in cancer epigenetics. Biosci Rep, 2013, 33(4). pii:e00061.
9. Wilusz JE, Sunwoo H, Spector DL. Long noncoding RNAs:func-tional surprises from the RNA world. Genes Dev, 2009, 23(13):1494-1504.
10. Koerner MV, Pauler FM, Huang R, et al. The function of non-coding RNAs in genomic imprinting. Development, 2009, 136(11):1771-1783.
11. Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer:a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol, 2012, 9(6):703-719.
12. Brunner AL, Beck AH, Edris B, et al. Transcriptional profiling of long non-coding RNAs and novel transcribed regions across a diverse panel of archived human cancers. Genome Biol, 2012, 13(8):R75.
13. Chen J, Wang T, Zhou YC, et al. Aquaporin 3 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2014, 33:38.
14. Xue Y, Ma G, Gu D, et al. Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA signature in human colorectal cancer. Gene, 2015, 556(2):227-234.
15. Kino T, Hurt DE, Ichijo T, et al. Noncoding RNA gas5 is a growth arrest-and starvation-associated repressor of the glucocorticoid receptor. Sci Signal, 2010, 3(107):ra8.
16. Hung T, Wang Y, Lin MF, et al. Extensive and coordinated transcri-ption of noncoding RNAs within cell-cycle promoters. Nat Genet, 2011, 43(7):621-629.
17. Redon S, Reichenbach P, Lingner J. The non-coding RNA TERRA is a natural ligand and direct inhibitor of human telomerase. Nucleic Acids Res, 2010, 38(17):5797-5806.
18. Zhuang M, Gao W, Xu J, et al. The long non-coding RNA H19-derived miR-675 modulates human gastric cancer cell proliferation by targeting tumor suppressor RUNX1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2014, 448(3):315-322.
19. Zhao J, Sun BK, Erwin JA, et al. Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome. Science, 2008, 322 (592):750-756.
20. Niland CN, Merry CR, Khalil AM. Emerging roles for long non-coding rnas in cancer and neurological disorders. Front Genet, 2012, 3:25.
21. Chu C, Qu K, Zhong FL, et al. Genomic maps of long noncoding RNA occupancy reveal principles of RNA-chromatin interactions. Mol Cell, 2011, 44(4):667-678.
22. Yap KL, Li S, Muñoz-Cabello AM, et al. Molecular interplay of the noncoding RNA ANRIL and methylated histone H3 lysine 27 by polycomb CBX7 in transcriptional silencing of INK4a. Mol Cell, 2010, 38(5):662-674.
23. Kotake Y, Nakagawa T, Kitagawa K, et al. Long non-coding RNA ANRIL is required for the PRC2 recruitment to and silencing of p15 (INK4B) tumor suppressor gene. Oncogene, 2011, 30(16):1956-1962.
24. Pandey RR, Mondal T, Mohammad F, et al. Kcnq1ot1 antisense noncoding RNA mediates lineage-specific transcriptional silencing through chromatin-level regulation. Mol Cell, 2008, 32(2):232-246.
25. Clemson CM, Hutchinson JN, Sara SA, et al. An architectural role for a nuclear noncoding RNA:NEAT1 RNA is essential for the structure of paraspeckles. Mol Cell, 2009, 33(6):717-726.
26. Tsai MC, Manor O, Wan Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science, 2010, 329 (5992):689-693.
27. Yang Z, Zhou L, Wu LM, et al. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR predicts tumor recurrence in hepatocellular carci-noma patients following liver transplantation. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(5):1243-1250.
28. Kogo R, Shimamura T, Mimori K, et al. Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR regulates polycomb-dependent chromatin modification and is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancers. Cancer Res, 2011, 71(20):6320-6326.
29. Kim K, Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, et al. HOTAIR is a negative prognostic factor and exhibits pro-oncogenic activity in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene, 2013, 32(13):1616-1625.
30. Niinuma T, Suzuki H, Nojima M, et al. Upregulation of miR-196a and HOTAIR drive malignant character in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res, 2012, 72(5):1126-1136.
31. Liu XH, Sun M, Nie FQ, et al. LncRNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by spon-ging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer, 2014, 13:92.
32. Lin R, Maeda S, Liu C, et al. A large noncoding RNA is a marker for murine hepatocellular carcinomas and a spectrum of human carcinomas. Oncogene, 2007, 26(6):851-858.
33. Luo JH, Ren B, Keryanov S, et al. Transcriptomic and genomic analysis of human hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Hepatology, 2006, 44(4):1012-1024.
34. Wang J, Wang H, Zhang Y, et al. Mutual inhibition between YAP and SRSF1 maintains long non-coding RNA, Malat1-induced tumourigenesis in liver cancer. Cell Signal, 2014, 26(5):1048-1059.
35. Liu JH, Chen G, Dang YW, et al. Expression and prognostic significance of lncRNA MALAT1 in pancreatic cancer tissues. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(7):2971-2977.
36. Braconi C, Valeri N, Kogure T, et al. Expression and functional role of a transcribed noncoding RNA with an ultraconserved element in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 108(2):786-791.
37. Calin GA, Liu CG, Ferracin M, et al. Ultraconserved regions enco-ding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas. Cancer Cell, 2007, 12(3):215-229.
38. Matouk IJ, Degroot N, Mezan S, et al. The H19 non-coding RNA is essential for human tumor growth. PLoS One, 2007, 2(9):e845.
39. Gabory A, Ripoche MA, Yoshimizu T, et al. The H19 gene:regula-tion and function of a non-coding RNA. Cytogenet Genome Res, 2006, 113(1/4):188-193.
40. Yang F, Bi J, Xue X, et al. Up-regulated long non-coding RNA H19 contributes to proliferation of gastric cancer cells. FEBS J, 2012, 279(17):3159-3165.
41. Zhang EB, Han L, Yin DD, et al. c-Myc-induced, long, noncoding H19 affects cell proliferation and predicts a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Med Oncol, 2014, 31(5):914.
42. Zhou Y, Zhong Y, Wang Y, et al. Activation of p53 by MEG3 non-coding RNA. J Biol Chem, 2007, 282(34):24731-24742.
43. Zhang X, Gejman R, Mahta A, et al. Maternally expressed gene 3, an imprinted noncoding RNA gene, is associated with meningioma pathogenesis and progression. Cancer Res, 2010, 70(6):2350-2358.
44. Poliseno L, Salmena L, Zhang J, et al. A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature, 2010, 465(731):1033-1038.
45. Wang J, Liu X, Wu H, et al. CREB up-regulates long non-coding RNA, HULC expression through interaction with microRNA-372 in liver cancer. Nucleic Acids Res, 2010, 38(16):5366-5383.
46. Panzitt K, Tschernatsch MM, Guelly C, et al. Characterization of HULC, a novel gene with striking up-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma, as noncoding RNA. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132(1):330-342.
47. Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, et al. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by nonco-ding RNAs. Cell, 2007, 129(7):1311-1323.
48. Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang WB, et al. MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta 4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene, 2003, 22(39):8031-8041.
49. Yamada K, Kano J, Tsunoda H, et al. Phenotypic characterization of endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus. Cancer Sci, 2006, 97(2):106-112.
50. Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, et al. The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation. Mol Cell, 2010, 39(6):925-938.
51. 李丹.非编码RNA HULC促进细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭的生物学及分子机制研究.北京协和医学院, 2010.
52. Zhao Y, Guo Q, Chen J, et al. Role of long non-coding RNA HULC in cell proliferation, apoptosis and tumor metastasis of gastric cancer:a clinical and in vitro investigation. Oncol Rep, 2014, 31(1):358-364.
53. Xie H, Ma H, Zhou D. Plasma HULC as a promising novel biomar-ker for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Res Int, 2013:136106.
54. Matouk IJ, Abbasi I, Hochberg A, et al. Highly upregulated in liver cancer noncoding RNA is overexpressed in hepatic colorectal metastasis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 21(6):688-692.
55. Braconi C, Kogure T, Valeri N, et al. microRNA-29 can regulate expression of the long non-coding RNA gene MEG3 in hepatoce-llular cancer. Oncogene, 2011, 30(47):4750-4756.
56. Sun M, Xia R, Jin F, et al. Downregulated long noncoding RNA MEG3 is associated with poor prognosis and promotes cell prolifera-tion in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol, 2014, 35(2):1065-1073.
57. Ji Q, Zhang L, Liu X, et al. Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 promotes tumour growth and metastasis in colorectal cancer through binding to SFPQ and releasing oncogene PTBP2 from SFPQ/PTBP2 complex. Br J Cancer, 2014, 111(4):736-748.
58. Yang MH, Hu ZY, Xu C, et al. MALAT1 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation/migration/invasion via PRKA kinase anchor protein 9. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2015, 1852(1):166-174.

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Research Progress of Long Noncoding RNAs in Common Digestive System Neoplasms

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