Risk Factors of Gastric Paralysis Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 CHENGZhi-meng ,  CHENGNan-sheng , XIONGXian-ze , LUJiong , ZHANGXin-yi , CAIShen-yang , YIEXi-wen , WUSi-jia

Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China;

Corresponding author：

CHENGNan-sheng, Email: chengnanshenghx@sina.com

Keywords：

Gastric paralysis; Delayed gastric emptying; Pancreaticoduodenectomy; Risk factors

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.20160265

Video：

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Objective To analyze risk factors of gastric paralysis following pancreaticoduodenectomy so as to offer help for prevention and treatment of gastric paralysis. Method Domestic and international literatures about gastric paralysis following pancreaticoduodenectomy were collected, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and the latest progress of gastric paralysis were summarized. Results Gastric paralysis is one of the most common postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy. It might be caused by many risk factors, such as operation method, gastrointestinal anastomosis, abdominal complications, chronic hyperglycemia, and excess infusion, etc. Conclusions Although definition of gastric paralysis by ISGPS is widely adopted, it fails to distinguish gastric paralysis from impaired gastric function related to other postoperative complications and it might result in an overestimation of its true morbidity. The risk factors of occurrence of gastric paralysis are still in controversy and results of research in different centers are not same, more prospective randomized controlled trials are needed.

Citation： CHENGZhi-meng, CHENGNan-sheng, XIONGXian-ze, LUJiong, ZHANGXin-yi, CAIShen-yang, YIEXi-wen, WUSi-jia. Risk Factors of Gastric Paralysis Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2016, 23(8): 1018-1023. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.20160265 Copy

1.	Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, et al. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin, 2014, 64(1):9-29.
2.	王锡山.从ESMO共识看结直肠癌肝转移的治疗策略.中华结直肠疾病电子杂志, 2014, 3(1):9-11.
3.	Ceelen WP. Current management of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Minerva Chir, 2013, 68(1):77-86.
4.	Koppe MJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin:incidence and current treatment strategies. Ann Surg, 2006, 243(2):212-222.
5.	März L, Piso P. Treatment of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf), 2015, 3(4):298-302.
6.	关雅萍, 荣学东, 张先欣, 等.肿瘤循环细胞在消化系统肿瘤中的研究进展.中华消化病与影像杂志:电子版, 2015, 5(1):35-39.
7.	Ghossein RA, Carusone L, Bhattacharya S. Review:polymerase chain reaction detection of micrometastases and circulating tumor cells:application to melanoma, prostate, and thyroid carcinomas. Diagn Mol Pathol, 1999, 8(4):165-175.
8.	Paterlini-Brechot P, Benali NL. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) detection:clinical impact and future directions. Cancer Lett, 2007, 253(2):180-204.
9.	Wu XZ, Ma F, Wang XL. Serological diagnostic factors for liver metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(32):4084-4088.
10.	Yu H, Son GM, Joh YG. The clinical significance of preoperative serum levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in colorectal cancer. J Korean Surg Soc, 2013, 84(4):231-237.
11.	刘峰, 余江, 梁耀泽, 等.结直肠癌腹膜种植转移的危险因素分析.中华胃肠外科杂志, 2011, 14(4):254-256.
12.	Nordgard O, Oltedal S, Korner H, et al. The potential of cytokeratin 20 and mucin 2 mRNA as metastasis markers in regional lymph nodes of colon cancer patients investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2009, 24(3):261-268.
13.	王丽娟, 王全师, 陈萍, 等. 18F-FDG PET/CT显像鉴别腹腔积液性质的价值.中华核医学与分子影像杂志, 2012, 32(2):105-110.
14.	Kim SJ, Kim HH, Kim YH, et al. Peritoneal metastasis:detection with 16or 64-detector row CT in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer. Radiology, 2009, 253(2):407-415.
15.	Marin D, Catalano C, Baski M, et al. 64-section multi-detector row CT in the preoperative diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis:correlation with histopathological findings. Abdom Imaging, 2010, 35(6):694-700.
16.	Coakley FV, Choi PH, Gougoutas CA, et al. Peritoneal metastases:detection with spiral CT in patients with ovarian cancer. Radiology, 2002, 223(2):495-499.
17.	Kim TU, Kim S, Lee JW, et al. MDCT features in the differentiation of T4a gastric cancer from less-advanced gastric cancer:significance of the hyperattenuating serosa sign. Br J Radiol, 2013, 86(1029):20130290.
18.	Kubik-Huch RA, Dörffler W, von Schulthess GK, et al. Value of (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing primary and recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Eur Radiol, 2000, 10(5):761-767.
19.	Pfannenberg C, Königsrainer I, Aschoff P, et al. 18F-FDG-PET/CT to select patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol, 2009, 16(5):1295-1303.
20.	De Gaetano AM, Calcagni ML, Rufini V, et al. Imaging of peritoneal carcinomatosis with FDG PET-CT:diagnostic patterns, case examples and pitfalls. Abdom Imaging, 2009, 34(3):391-402.
21.	Turlakow A, Yeung HW, Salmon AS, et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis:role of 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med, 2003, 44(9):1407-1412.
22.	De Vos N, Goethals I, Ceelen W. Clinical value of 18F-FDGPET-CT in the preoperative staging of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal origin. Acta Chir Belg, 2014, 114(6):370-375.
23.	Wang JH, Du JP, Zhang YH, et al. Dynamic changes and surveillance function of prion protein expression in gastric cancer drug resistance. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(35):3986-3993.
24.	梅列军, 刘俊方, 李雁, 等.应用胃肠道碘水造影对腹膜转移癌的术前评估.武汉大学学报:医学版, 2013, 34(6):875-878.
25.	Düx M, Richter GM, Roeren T, et al. Gastrointestinal imaging with hydrosonography and hydro-CT. Rofo, 1996, 164(5):359-367.
26.	Low RN. Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of liver capsule and peritoneum. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2001, 9(4):803-819, vii.
27.	Tabrizian P, Jayakrishnan TT, Zacharias A, et al. Incorporation of diagnostic laparoscopy in the management algorithm for patients with peritoneal metastases:A multi-institutional analysis. J Surg Oncol, 2015, 111(8):1035-1040.
28.	Yang SH, Lin JK, Lai CR, et al. Risk factors for peritoneal dissemination of colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2004, 87(4):167-173.
29.	van Gestel YR, Thomassen I, Lemmens VE, et al. Metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis after curative treatment of colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2014, 40(8):963-969.
30.	Segelman J, Granath F, Holm T, et al. Incidence, prevalence and risk factors for peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg, 2012, 99(5):699-705.
31.	Lemmens VE, Klaver YL, Verwaal VJ, et al. Predictors and survival of synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin:a population-based study. Int J Cancer, 2011, 128(11):2717-2725.
32.	Tanaka T, Kumagai K, Shimizu K, et al. Peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer with particular reference to lymphatic advancement; extranodal invasion is a significant risk factor for peritoneal metastasis. J Surg Oncol, 2000, 75(3):165-171.
33.	Yamamoto S, Akasu T, Fujita S, et al. Long-term prognostic value of conventional peritoneal cytology after curative resection for colorectal carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2003, 33(1):33-37.
34.	Bae SJ, Shin US, Ki YJ, et al. Role of peritoneal lavage cytology and prediction of prognosis and peritoneal recurrence after curative surgery for colorectal cancer. Ann Coloproctol, 2014, 30(6):266-273.
35.	Marutsuka T, Shimada S, Shiomori K, et al. Mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis after operation for non-serosa-invasive gastric carcinoma:an ultrarapid detection system for intraperitoneal free cancer cells and a prophylactic strategy for peritoneal metastasis. Clin Cancer Res, 2003, 9(2):678-685.
36.	Rong Y, Mack P. Apoptosis induced by hyperthermia in Dunn osteosarcoma cell line in vitro. Int J Hyperthermia, 2000, 16(1):19-27.
37.	彭远飞, 郑民华, 俞焙秦, 等.热CO2气腹对结肠癌细胞的增殖抑制作用及其机制.外科理论与实践, 2007, 12(5):455-459.
38.	Shimizu T, Murata S, Sonoda H, et al. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in patients at high risk of peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer:A preliminary clinical study. Mol Clin Oncol, 2014, 2(3):399-404.
39.	Fujimoto S, Takahashi M, Mutou T, et al. Successful intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion for the prevention of postoperative peritoneal recurrence in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer, 1999, 85(3):529-534.
40.	Tahara M, Ohtsu A, Boku N, et al. Sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil therapy for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination:a retrospective study. Gastric Cancer, 2001, 4(4):212-218.
41.	金荣生, 吴旭东.进展期胃肠道癌术中腹腔温热化疗联合辅助化疗疗效观察.中国血液流变学杂志, 2005, 15(4):620-622.
42.	Provenzale D, Jasperson K, Ahnen DJ, et al. Colorectal Cancer Screening, Version 1. 2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2015, 13(8):959-968.
43.	Carreres-Prieto M, Lopez-Sisamon D, Layos-Romero L. Interstitial lung disease induced by raltitrexed-oxaliplatin based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer:a case report. Farm Hosp, 2015, 39(2):118-119.
44.	Noura S, Ohue M, Seki Y, et al. Long-term prognostic value of conventional peritoneal lavage cytology in patients undergoing curative colorectal cancer resection. Dis Colon Rectum, 2009, 52(7):1312-1320.
45.	Turner N, Tran B, Tran PV, et al. Primary tumor resection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer is associated with reversal of systemic inflammation and improved survival. Clin Colorectal Cancer, 2015, 14(3):185-191.
46.	Furuhata T, Okita K, Nishidate T, et al. Oncological benefit of primary tumor resection with high tie lymph node dissection in unresectable colorectal cancer with synchronous peritoneal metastasis:a propensity score analysis of data from a multi-institute database. Int J Clin Oncol, 2015, 20(5):922-927.
47.	Sato H, Toyama K, Koide Y, et al. Prognoses and treatment strategies for synchronous peritoneal dissemination of colorectal carcinoma. Surg Today, 2015 Oct 3.[Epub ahead of print].
48.	Hatano S, Matsuzawa T, Chika N, et al. Is PCI effective in predicting prognosis in the era of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer with peritoneal dissemination? Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2014, 41(12):1692-1694.
49.	Ozawa H, Kotake K, Kobayashi H, et al. Prognostic factors for peritoneal carcinomatosis originating from colorectal cancer:an analysis of 921 patients from a multi-institutional database. Surg Today, 2014, 44(9):1643-1650.
50.	Stillwell AP, Ho YH, Veitch C. Systematic review of prognostic factors related to overall survival in patients with stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer and unresectable metastases. World J Surg, 2011, 35(3):684-692.
51.	Cloutier AS, Faron M, Honore C, et al. Second-look surgery plus HIPEC for patients with colorectal cancer at high risk of peritoneal carcinomatosis:Should we resect the initial anastomosis? An observational study. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2015, 41(8):1068-1073.
52.	Kim IY, Kim BR, Kim HS, et al. Differences in clinical features between laparoscopy and open resection for primary tumor in patients with stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer. Onco Targets Ther, 2015, 8:3441-3448.
53.	Kobayashi H, Kotake K, Sugihara K. Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with curatively resected stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(17):e696.
54.	薛雾松, 门斯烨, 张少辉, 等.结直肠癌转移灶的综合治疗.中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2012, 19(8):894-898.
55.	Tomita R, Fujisaki S, Sakurai K, et al. Malignant small bowel ileus due to recurrent colorectal cancer with peritoneal metastasis. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2014, 41(12):1689-1691.
56.	Chan CH, Cusack JC, Ryan DP. A critical look at local-regional management of peritoneal metastasis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2015, 29(1):153-158.
57.	Mirnezami R, Mehta AM, Chandrakumaran K, et al. Cytoreductive surgery in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy improves survival in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases compared with systemic chemotherapy alone. Br J Cancer, 2014, 111(8):1500-1508.
58.	Elias D, Gilly F, Boutitie F, et al. Peritoneal colorectal carcinomatosis treated with surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy: retrospective analysis of 523 patients from a multicentric French study. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(1):63-68.
59.	Shen P, Thai K, Stewart JH, et al. Peritoneal surface disease from colorectal cancer:comparison with the hepatic metastases surgical paradigm in optimally resected patients. Ann Surg Oncol, 2008, 15(12):3422-3432.
60.	Demtröder C, Solass W, Zieren J, et al. Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy with oxaliplatin in colorectal peritoneal metastasis. Colorectal Dis, 2016, 18(4):364-371.
61.	Odendahl K, Solass W, Demtröder C, et al. Quality of life of patients with end-stage peritoneal metastasis treated with Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC). Eur J Surg Oncol, 2015, 41(10):1379-1385.
62.	Aoyagi T, Terracina KP, Raza A, et al. Current treatment options for colon cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(35):12493-12500.

1. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, et al. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin, 2014, 64(1):9-29.
2. 王锡山.从ESMO共识看结直肠癌肝转移的治疗策略.中华结直肠疾病电子杂志, 2014, 3(1):9-11.
3. Ceelen WP. Current management of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Minerva Chir, 2013, 68(1):77-86.
4. Koppe MJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin:incidence and current treatment strategies. Ann Surg, 2006, 243(2):212-222.
5. März L, Piso P. Treatment of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf), 2015, 3(4):298-302.
6. 关雅萍, 荣学东, 张先欣, 等.肿瘤循环细胞在消化系统肿瘤中的研究进展.中华消化病与影像杂志:电子版, 2015, 5(1):35-39.
7. Ghossein RA, Carusone L, Bhattacharya S. Review:polymerase chain reaction detection of micrometastases and circulating tumor cells:application to melanoma, prostate, and thyroid carcinomas. Diagn Mol Pathol, 1999, 8(4):165-175.
8. Paterlini-Brechot P, Benali NL. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) detection:clinical impact and future directions. Cancer Lett, 2007, 253(2):180-204.
9. Wu XZ, Ma F, Wang XL. Serological diagnostic factors for liver metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(32):4084-4088.
10. Yu H, Son GM, Joh YG. The clinical significance of preoperative serum levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in colorectal cancer. J Korean Surg Soc, 2013, 84(4):231-237.
11. 刘峰, 余江, 梁耀泽, 等.结直肠癌腹膜种植转移的危险因素分析.中华胃肠外科杂志, 2011, 14(4):254-256.
12. Nordgard O, Oltedal S, Korner H, et al. The potential of cytokeratin 20 and mucin 2 mRNA as metastasis markers in regional lymph nodes of colon cancer patients investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2009, 24(3):261-268.
13. 王丽娟, 王全师, 陈萍, 等. 18F-FDG PET/CT显像鉴别腹腔积液性质的价值.中华核医学与分子影像杂志, 2012, 32(2):105-110.
14. Kim SJ, Kim HH, Kim YH, et al. Peritoneal metastasis:detection with 16or 64-detector row CT in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer. Radiology, 2009, 253(2):407-415.
15. Marin D, Catalano C, Baski M, et al. 64-section multi-detector row CT in the preoperative diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis:correlation with histopathological findings. Abdom Imaging, 2010, 35(6):694-700.
16. Coakley FV, Choi PH, Gougoutas CA, et al. Peritoneal metastases:detection with spiral CT in patients with ovarian cancer. Radiology, 2002, 223(2):495-499.
17. Kim TU, Kim S, Lee JW, et al. MDCT features in the differentiation of T4a gastric cancer from less-advanced gastric cancer:significance of the hyperattenuating serosa sign. Br J Radiol, 2013, 86(1029):20130290.
18. Kubik-Huch RA, Dörffler W, von Schulthess GK, et al. Value of (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing primary and recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Eur Radiol, 2000, 10(5):761-767.
19. Pfannenberg C, Königsrainer I, Aschoff P, et al. 18F-FDG-PET/CT to select patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol, 2009, 16(5):1295-1303.
20. De Gaetano AM, Calcagni ML, Rufini V, et al. Imaging of peritoneal carcinomatosis with FDG PET-CT:diagnostic patterns, case examples and pitfalls. Abdom Imaging, 2009, 34(3):391-402.
21. Turlakow A, Yeung HW, Salmon AS, et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis:role of 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med, 2003, 44(9):1407-1412.
22. De Vos N, Goethals I, Ceelen W. Clinical value of 18F-FDGPET-CT in the preoperative staging of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal origin. Acta Chir Belg, 2014, 114(6):370-375.
23. Wang JH, Du JP, Zhang YH, et al. Dynamic changes and surveillance function of prion protein expression in gastric cancer drug resistance. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(35):3986-3993.
24. 梅列军, 刘俊方, 李雁, 等.应用胃肠道碘水造影对腹膜转移癌的术前评估.武汉大学学报:医学版, 2013, 34(6):875-878.
25. Düx M, Richter GM, Roeren T, et al. Gastrointestinal imaging with hydrosonography and hydro-CT. Rofo, 1996, 164(5):359-367.
26. Low RN. Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of liver capsule and peritoneum. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2001, 9(4):803-819, vii.
27. Tabrizian P, Jayakrishnan TT, Zacharias A, et al. Incorporation of diagnostic laparoscopy in the management algorithm for patients with peritoneal metastases:A multi-institutional analysis. J Surg Oncol, 2015, 111(8):1035-1040.
28. Yang SH, Lin JK, Lai CR, et al. Risk factors for peritoneal dissemination of colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2004, 87(4):167-173.
29. van Gestel YR, Thomassen I, Lemmens VE, et al. Metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis after curative treatment of colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2014, 40(8):963-969.
30. Segelman J, Granath F, Holm T, et al. Incidence, prevalence and risk factors for peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg, 2012, 99(5):699-705.
31. Lemmens VE, Klaver YL, Verwaal VJ, et al. Predictors and survival of synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin:a population-based study. Int J Cancer, 2011, 128(11):2717-2725.
32. Tanaka T, Kumagai K, Shimizu K, et al. Peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer with particular reference to lymphatic advancement; extranodal invasion is a significant risk factor for peritoneal metastasis. J Surg Oncol, 2000, 75(3):165-171.
33. Yamamoto S, Akasu T, Fujita S, et al. Long-term prognostic value of conventional peritoneal cytology after curative resection for colorectal carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2003, 33(1):33-37.
34. Bae SJ, Shin US, Ki YJ, et al. Role of peritoneal lavage cytology and prediction of prognosis and peritoneal recurrence after curative surgery for colorectal cancer. Ann Coloproctol, 2014, 30(6):266-273.
35. Marutsuka T, Shimada S, Shiomori K, et al. Mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis after operation for non-serosa-invasive gastric carcinoma:an ultrarapid detection system for intraperitoneal free cancer cells and a prophylactic strategy for peritoneal metastasis. Clin Cancer Res, 2003, 9(2):678-685.
36. Rong Y, Mack P. Apoptosis induced by hyperthermia in Dunn osteosarcoma cell line in vitro. Int J Hyperthermia, 2000, 16(1):19-27.
37. 彭远飞, 郑民华, 俞焙秦, 等.热CO2气腹对结肠癌细胞的增殖抑制作用及其机制.外科理论与实践, 2007, 12(5):455-459.
38. Shimizu T, Murata S, Sonoda H, et al. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in patients at high risk of peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer:A preliminary clinical study. Mol Clin Oncol, 2014, 2(3):399-404.
39. Fujimoto S, Takahashi M, Mutou T, et al. Successful intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion for the prevention of postoperative peritoneal recurrence in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer, 1999, 85(3):529-534.
40. Tahara M, Ohtsu A, Boku N, et al. Sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil therapy for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination:a retrospective study. Gastric Cancer, 2001, 4(4):212-218.
41. 金荣生, 吴旭东.进展期胃肠道癌术中腹腔温热化疗联合辅助化疗疗效观察.中国血液流变学杂志, 2005, 15(4):620-622.
42. Provenzale D, Jasperson K, Ahnen DJ, et al. Colorectal Cancer Screening, Version 1. 2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2015, 13(8):959-968.
43. Carreres-Prieto M, Lopez-Sisamon D, Layos-Romero L. Interstitial lung disease induced by raltitrexed-oxaliplatin based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer:a case report. Farm Hosp, 2015, 39(2):118-119.
44. Noura S, Ohue M, Seki Y, et al. Long-term prognostic value of conventional peritoneal lavage cytology in patients undergoing curative colorectal cancer resection. Dis Colon Rectum, 2009, 52(7):1312-1320.
45. Turner N, Tran B, Tran PV, et al. Primary tumor resection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer is associated with reversal of systemic inflammation and improved survival. Clin Colorectal Cancer, 2015, 14(3):185-191.
46. Furuhata T, Okita K, Nishidate T, et al. Oncological benefit of primary tumor resection with high tie lymph node dissection in unresectable colorectal cancer with synchronous peritoneal metastasis:a propensity score analysis of data from a multi-institute database. Int J Clin Oncol, 2015, 20(5):922-927.
47. Sato H, Toyama K, Koide Y, et al. Prognoses and treatment strategies for synchronous peritoneal dissemination of colorectal carcinoma. Surg Today, 2015 Oct 3.[Epub ahead of print].
48. Hatano S, Matsuzawa T, Chika N, et al. Is PCI effective in predicting prognosis in the era of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer with peritoneal dissemination? Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2014, 41(12):1692-1694.
49. Ozawa H, Kotake K, Kobayashi H, et al. Prognostic factors for peritoneal carcinomatosis originating from colorectal cancer:an analysis of 921 patients from a multi-institutional database. Surg Today, 2014, 44(9):1643-1650.
50. Stillwell AP, Ho YH, Veitch C. Systematic review of prognostic factors related to overall survival in patients with stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer and unresectable metastases. World J Surg, 2011, 35(3):684-692.
51. Cloutier AS, Faron M, Honore C, et al. Second-look surgery plus HIPEC for patients with colorectal cancer at high risk of peritoneal carcinomatosis:Should we resect the initial anastomosis? An observational study. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2015, 41(8):1068-1073.
52. Kim IY, Kim BR, Kim HS, et al. Differences in clinical features between laparoscopy and open resection for primary tumor in patients with stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer. Onco Targets Ther, 2015, 8:3441-3448.
53. Kobayashi H, Kotake K, Sugihara K. Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with curatively resected stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(17):e696.
54. 薛雾松, 门斯烨, 张少辉, 等.结直肠癌转移灶的综合治疗.中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2012, 19(8):894-898.
55. Tomita R, Fujisaki S, Sakurai K, et al. Malignant small bowel ileus due to recurrent colorectal cancer with peritoneal metastasis. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2014, 41(12):1689-1691.
56. Chan CH, Cusack JC, Ryan DP. A critical look at local-regional management of peritoneal metastasis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2015, 29(1):153-158.
57. Mirnezami R, Mehta AM, Chandrakumaran K, et al. Cytoreductive surgery in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy improves survival in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases compared with systemic chemotherapy alone. Br J Cancer, 2014, 111(8):1500-1508.
58. Elias D, Gilly F, Boutitie F, et al. Peritoneal colorectal carcinomatosis treated with surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy: retrospective analysis of 523 patients from a multicentric French study. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(1):63-68.
59. Shen P, Thai K, Stewart JH, et al. Peritoneal surface disease from colorectal cancer:comparison with the hepatic metastases surgical paradigm in optimally resected patients. Ann Surg Oncol, 2008, 15(12):3422-3432.
60. Demtröder C, Solass W, Zieren J, et al. Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy with oxaliplatin in colorectal peritoneal metastasis. Colorectal Dis, 2016, 18(4):364-371.
61. Odendahl K, Solass W, Demtröder C, et al. Quality of life of patients with end-stage peritoneal metastasis treated with Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC). Eur J Surg Oncol, 2015, 41(10):1379-1385.
62. Aoyagi T, Terracina KP, Raza A, et al. Current treatment options for colon cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(35):12493-12500.

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Risk Factors of Gastric Paralysis Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy

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