Research progress of Warburg effect in colorectal cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

XIAO Peng , XUE Junlin , PEI Tiemin ,  MENG Qinghui

Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

MENG Qinghui, Email: hui-90@163.com

Keywords：

Warburg effect; colorectal cancer; glycolysis

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201801126

Video：

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Objective To summarize progress of Warburg effect in colorectal cancer and to provide basis for diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Method The relevant literatures about the Warburg effect in the colorectal cancer in recent years were reviewed. Results The Warburg effect played a significant role in the growth, proliferation, and metastasis of the colorectal cancer cells. It was contributed to the growth of cancer cells and inhibited the apoptosis, at the same time it created the suitable environmental conditions for the tumor metastasis. Conclusions Mechanism of Warburg effec in occurrence and development of colorect cancer is not unclear. Warburg effect and relationship between its key enzyme (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase) and colorectal caner need to be studied so as to providing a new direction and approach for early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Citation： XIAO Peng, XUE Junlin, PEI Tiemin, MENG Qinghui. Research progress of Warburg effect in colorectal cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2018, 25(9): 1135-1140. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201801126 Copy

1.	Fang S, Fang X. Advances in glucose metabolism research in colorectal cancer. Biomed Rep, 2016, 5(3): 289-295.
2.	Karanikas M, Esebidis A. Increasing incidence of colon cancer in patients <50 years old: a new entity? Ann Transl Med, 2016, 4(9): 164.
3.	Li XB, Gu JD, Zhou QH. Review of aerobic glycolysis and its key enzymes—new targets for lung cancer therapy. Thorac Cancer, 2015, 6(1): 17-24.
4.	Potter M, Newport E, Morten KJ. The Warburg effect: 80 years on. Biochem Soc Trans, 2016, 44(5): 1499-1505.
5.	Otto AM. Warburg effect(s)—a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor metabolism. Cancer Metab, 2016, 4: 5.
6.	魏慧君, 郭丽丽, 李林, 等. Warburg 效应及其对肿瘤转移的影响. 中国肺癌杂志, 2015, 18(3): 179-183.
7.	DeBerardinis RJ, Lum JJ, Hatzivassiliou G, et al. The biology of cancer: metabolic reprogramming fuels cell growth and proliferation. Cell Metab, 2008, 7(1): 11-20.
8.	Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science, 2009, 324(5930): 1029-1033.
9.	Xing X, Lai M, Wang Y, et al. Overexpression of glucose-regulated protein 78 in colon cancer. Clin Chim Acta, 2006, 364(1-2): 308-315.
10.	Takahashi H, Wang JP, Zheng HC, et al. Overexpression of GRP78 and GRP94 is involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. Histol Histopathol, 2011, 26(6): 663-671.
11.	Huang CY, Kuo WT, Huang YC, et al. Resistance to hypoxia-induced necroptosis is conferred by glycolytic pyruvate scavenging of mitochondrial superoxide in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis, 2013, 4: e622.
12.	Cho YS, Challa S, Moquin D, et al. Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation. Cell, 2009, 137(6): 1112-1123.
13.	Song HT, Qin Y, Yao GD, et al. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 mediates glycolysis and tumorigenesis in colorectal carcinoma cells via AMPK signaling. Mediators Inflamm, 2014, 2014: 287381.
14.	Nam SO, Yotsumoto F, Miyata K, et al. Warburg effect regulated by amphiregulin in the development of colorectal cancer. Cancer Med, 2015, 4(4): 575-587.
15.	Zhang LF, Jiang S, Liu MF. MicroRNA regulation and analytical methods in cancer cell metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2017, 74(16): 2929-2941.
16.	Liu G, Li YI, Gao X. Overexpression of microRNA-133b sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to irradiation through the inhibition of glycolysis. Oncol Lett, 2016, 11(4): 2903-2908.
17.	Hsu PP, Sabatini DM. Cancer cell metabolism: Warburg and beyond. Cell, 2008, 134(5): 703-707.
18.	Straus DS. TNFα and IL-17 cooperatively stimulate glucose metabolism and growth factor production in human colorectal cancer cells. Mol Cancer, 2013, 12: 78.
19.	Wu ZZ, Chen LS, Zhou R, et al. Metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 in gastric cancer: Beyond metastasis. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(29): 6629-6637.
20.	Liu J, Pan C, Guo L, et al. A new mechanism of trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer: MACC1 promotes the Warburg effect via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J Hematol Oncol, 2016, 9(1): 76.
21.	马素珍, 曾震军, 潘晓丽, 等. 糖酵解关键酶在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其临床意义. 肿瘤, 2017, 37(7): 723-731, 741.
22.	Gregersen LH, Jacobsen A, Frankel LB, et al. MicroRNA-143 down-regulates Hexokinase 2 in colon cancer cells. BMC Cancer, 2012, 12: 232.
23.	Tsutsumi S, Fukasawa T, Yamauchi H, et al. Phosphoglucose isomerase enhances colorectal cancer metastasis. Int J Oncol, 2009, 35(5): 1117-1121.
24.	Sun Y, Zhao X, Luo M, et al. The pro-apoptotic role of the regulatory feedback loop between miR-124 and PKM1/HNF4α in colorectal cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci, 2014, 15(3): 4318-4332.
25.	Qiu SL, Xiao ZC, Piao CM, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase α2 protects against liver injury from metastasized tumors via reduced glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress. J Biol Chem, 2014, 289(13): 9449-9459.
26.	Duffy MJ. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a marker for colorectal cancer: Is it clinically useful? Clin Chem, 2001, 47(4): 624-630.
27.	Sánchez-Aragó M, Cuezva JM. The bioenergetic signature of isogenic colon cancer cells predicts the cell death response to treatment with 3-bromopyruvate, iodoacetate or 5-fluorouracil. J Transl Med, 2011, 9: 19.
28.	Cruz MD, Ledbetter S, Chowdhury S, et al. Metabolic reprogramming of the premalignant colonic mucosa is an early event in carcinogenesis. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(13): 20543-20557.
29.	Omar HA, Berman-Booty L, Weng JR. Energy restriction: stepping stones towards cancer therapy. Future Oncol, 2012, 8(12): 1503-1506.
30.	Hursting SD, Dunlap SM, Ford NA, et al. Calorie restriction and cancer prevention: a mechanistic perspective. Cancer Metab, 2013, 1: 10.
31.	Cairns RA, Harris IS, Mak TW. Regulation of cancer cell metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer, 2011, 11(2): 85-95.
32.	Hussain A, Qazi AK, Mupparapu N, et al. Modulation of glycolysis and lipogenesis by novel PI3K selective molecule represses tumor angiogenesis and decreases colorectal cancer growth. Cancer Lett, 2016, 374(2): 250-260.
33.	Chen GQ, Tang CF, Shi XK, et al. Halofuginone inhibits colorectal cancer growth through suppression of Akt/mTORC1 signaling and glucose metabolism. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(27): 24148-24162.
34.	Prakasam G, Iqbal MA, Bamezai RNK, et al. Posttranslational modifications of pyruvate kinase M2: tweaks that benefit cancer. Front Oncol, 2018, 8: 22.
35.	Culverwell AD, Chowdhury FU, Scarsbrook AF. Optimizing the role of FDG PET-CT for potentially operable metastatic colorectal cancer. Abdom Imaging, 2012, 37(6): 1021-1031.
36.	Khan N, Islam MM, Mahmood S, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in tumor. Mymensingh Med J, 2011, 20(2): 332-342.
37.	Chopra A, Shan L, Eckelman WC, et al. Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD): evolution and progress. Mol Imaging Biol, 2012, 14(1): 4-13.
38.	Cheong JH, Park ES, Liang J, et al. Dual inhibition of tumor energy pathway by 2-deoxyglucose and metformin is effective against a broad spectrum of preclinical cancer models. Mol Cancer Ther, 2011, 10(12): 2350-2362.
39.	Ben Sahra I, Laurent K, Giuliano S, et al. Targeting cancer cell metabolism: the combination of metformin and 2-deoxyglucose induces p53-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res, 2010, 70(6): 2465-2475.
40.	Kee HJ, Cheong JH. Tumor bioenergetics: an emerging avenue for cancer metabolism targeted therapy. BMB Rep, 2014, 47(3): 158-166.
41.	Liu J, Wu N, Ma L, et al. Oleanolic acid suppresses aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells by switching pyruvate kinase type M isoforms. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3): e91606.
42.	Xie J, Wu H, Dai C, et al. Beyond Warburg effect—dual metabolic nature of cancer cells. Sci Rep, 2014, 4: 4927.
43.	Gonzalez CD, Alvarez S, Ropolo A, et al. Autophagy, Warburg, and Warburg reverse effects in human cancer. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 2014: 926729.
44.	Chen XS, Li LY, Guan YD, et al. Anticancer strategies based on the metabolic profile of tumor cells: therapeutic targeting of the Warburg effect. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2016, 37(8): 1013-1019.
45.	Sounni NE, Cimino J, Blacher S, et al. Blocking lipid synthesis overcomes tumor regrowth and metastasis after antiangiogenic therapy withdrawal. Cell Metab, 2014, 20(2): 280-294.

1. Fang S, Fang X. Advances in glucose metabolism research in colorectal cancer. Biomed Rep, 2016, 5(3): 289-295.
2. Karanikas M, Esebidis A. Increasing incidence of colon cancer in patients <50 years old: a new entity? Ann Transl Med, 2016, 4(9): 164.
3. Li XB, Gu JD, Zhou QH. Review of aerobic glycolysis and its key enzymes—new targets for lung cancer therapy. Thorac Cancer, 2015, 6(1): 17-24.
4. Potter M, Newport E, Morten KJ. The Warburg effect: 80 years on. Biochem Soc Trans, 2016, 44(5): 1499-1505.
5. Otto AM. Warburg effect(s)—a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor metabolism. Cancer Metab, 2016, 4: 5.
6. 魏慧君, 郭丽丽, 李林, 等. Warburg 效应及其对肿瘤转移的影响. 中国肺癌杂志, 2015, 18(3): 179-183.
7. DeBerardinis RJ, Lum JJ, Hatzivassiliou G, et al. The biology of cancer: metabolic reprogramming fuels cell growth and proliferation. Cell Metab, 2008, 7(1): 11-20.
8. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science, 2009, 324(5930): 1029-1033.
9. Xing X, Lai M, Wang Y, et al. Overexpression of glucose-regulated protein 78 in colon cancer. Clin Chim Acta, 2006, 364(1-2): 308-315.
10. Takahashi H, Wang JP, Zheng HC, et al. Overexpression of GRP78 and GRP94 is involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. Histol Histopathol, 2011, 26(6): 663-671.
11. Huang CY, Kuo WT, Huang YC, et al. Resistance to hypoxia-induced necroptosis is conferred by glycolytic pyruvate scavenging of mitochondrial superoxide in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis, 2013, 4: e622.
12. Cho YS, Challa S, Moquin D, et al. Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation. Cell, 2009, 137(6): 1112-1123.
13. Song HT, Qin Y, Yao GD, et al. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 mediates glycolysis and tumorigenesis in colorectal carcinoma cells via AMPK signaling. Mediators Inflamm, 2014, 2014: 287381.
14. Nam SO, Yotsumoto F, Miyata K, et al. Warburg effect regulated by amphiregulin in the development of colorectal cancer. Cancer Med, 2015, 4(4): 575-587.
15. Zhang LF, Jiang S, Liu MF. MicroRNA regulation and analytical methods in cancer cell metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2017, 74(16): 2929-2941.
16. Liu G, Li YI, Gao X. Overexpression of microRNA-133b sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to irradiation through the inhibition of glycolysis. Oncol Lett, 2016, 11(4): 2903-2908.
17. Hsu PP, Sabatini DM. Cancer cell metabolism: Warburg and beyond. Cell, 2008, 134(5): 703-707.
18. Straus DS. TNFα and IL-17 cooperatively stimulate glucose metabolism and growth factor production in human colorectal cancer cells. Mol Cancer, 2013, 12: 78.
19. Wu ZZ, Chen LS, Zhou R, et al. Metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 in gastric cancer: Beyond metastasis. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(29): 6629-6637.
20. Liu J, Pan C, Guo L, et al. A new mechanism of trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer: MACC1 promotes the Warburg effect via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J Hematol Oncol, 2016, 9(1): 76.
21. 马素珍, 曾震军, 潘晓丽, 等. 糖酵解关键酶在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其临床意义. 肿瘤, 2017, 37(7): 723-731, 741.
22. Gregersen LH, Jacobsen A, Frankel LB, et al. MicroRNA-143 down-regulates Hexokinase 2 in colon cancer cells. BMC Cancer, 2012, 12: 232.
23. Tsutsumi S, Fukasawa T, Yamauchi H, et al. Phosphoglucose isomerase enhances colorectal cancer metastasis. Int J Oncol, 2009, 35(5): 1117-1121.
24. Sun Y, Zhao X, Luo M, et al. The pro-apoptotic role of the regulatory feedback loop between miR-124 and PKM1/HNF4α in colorectal cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci, 2014, 15(3): 4318-4332.
25. Qiu SL, Xiao ZC, Piao CM, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase α2 protects against liver injury from metastasized tumors via reduced glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress. J Biol Chem, 2014, 289(13): 9449-9459.
26. Duffy MJ. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a marker for colorectal cancer: Is it clinically useful? Clin Chem, 2001, 47(4): 624-630.
27. Sánchez-Aragó M, Cuezva JM. The bioenergetic signature of isogenic colon cancer cells predicts the cell death response to treatment with 3-bromopyruvate, iodoacetate or 5-fluorouracil. J Transl Med, 2011, 9: 19.
28. Cruz MD, Ledbetter S, Chowdhury S, et al. Metabolic reprogramming of the premalignant colonic mucosa is an early event in carcinogenesis. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(13): 20543-20557.
29. Omar HA, Berman-Booty L, Weng JR. Energy restriction: stepping stones towards cancer therapy. Future Oncol, 2012, 8(12): 1503-1506.
30. Hursting SD, Dunlap SM, Ford NA, et al. Calorie restriction and cancer prevention: a mechanistic perspective. Cancer Metab, 2013, 1: 10.
31. Cairns RA, Harris IS, Mak TW. Regulation of cancer cell metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer, 2011, 11(2): 85-95.
32. Hussain A, Qazi AK, Mupparapu N, et al. Modulation of glycolysis and lipogenesis by novel PI3K selective molecule represses tumor angiogenesis and decreases colorectal cancer growth. Cancer Lett, 2016, 374(2): 250-260.
33. Chen GQ, Tang CF, Shi XK, et al. Halofuginone inhibits colorectal cancer growth through suppression of Akt/mTORC1 signaling and glucose metabolism. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(27): 24148-24162.
34. Prakasam G, Iqbal MA, Bamezai RNK, et al. Posttranslational modifications of pyruvate kinase M2: tweaks that benefit cancer. Front Oncol, 2018, 8: 22.
35. Culverwell AD, Chowdhury FU, Scarsbrook AF. Optimizing the role of FDG PET-CT for potentially operable metastatic colorectal cancer. Abdom Imaging, 2012, 37(6): 1021-1031.
36. Khan N, Islam MM, Mahmood S, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in tumor. Mymensingh Med J, 2011, 20(2): 332-342.
37. Chopra A, Shan L, Eckelman WC, et al. Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD): evolution and progress. Mol Imaging Biol, 2012, 14(1): 4-13.
38. Cheong JH, Park ES, Liang J, et al. Dual inhibition of tumor energy pathway by 2-deoxyglucose and metformin is effective against a broad spectrum of preclinical cancer models. Mol Cancer Ther, 2011, 10(12): 2350-2362.
39. Ben Sahra I, Laurent K, Giuliano S, et al. Targeting cancer cell metabolism: the combination of metformin and 2-deoxyglucose induces p53-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res, 2010, 70(6): 2465-2475.
40. Kee HJ, Cheong JH. Tumor bioenergetics: an emerging avenue for cancer metabolism targeted therapy. BMB Rep, 2014, 47(3): 158-166.
41. Liu J, Wu N, Ma L, et al. Oleanolic acid suppresses aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells by switching pyruvate kinase type M isoforms. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3): e91606.
42. Xie J, Wu H, Dai C, et al. Beyond Warburg effect—dual metabolic nature of cancer cells. Sci Rep, 2014, 4: 4927.
43. Gonzalez CD, Alvarez S, Ropolo A, et al. Autophagy, Warburg, and Warburg reverse effects in human cancer. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 2014: 926729.
44. Chen XS, Li LY, Guan YD, et al. Anticancer strategies based on the metabolic profile of tumor cells: therapeutic targeting of the Warburg effect. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2016, 37(8): 1013-1019.
45. Sounni NE, Cimino J, Blacher S, et al. Blocking lipid synthesis overcomes tumor regrowth and metastasis after antiangiogenic therapy withdrawal. Cell Metab, 2014, 20(2): 280-294.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Research progress of Warburg effect in colorectal cancer

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