Research progress of risk factors for chronic postoperative inguinal pain after inguinal hernia repair_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

AN Lijuan ¹ ,  YU Yongjiang ^1,2

1. The First Clinical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;
2. The Seventh Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

YU Yongjiang, Email: ylongy@163.com

Keywords：

inguinal hernia; chronic postoperative inguinal pain; risk factor; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201908054

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the research status of risk factors of chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP).Method We searched and summarized the domestic and foreign literatures about the risk factors of CPIP in recent years.Results There was no doubt that the risk factors of CPIP included preoperative pain, acute pain at postoperative, recurrent inguinal hernia, smaller hernia sac, higher body mass index (BMI), and surgical methods. These effects were controversial such as age, gender, and the mesh. In recent years, hypertension and a past history of chronic pain may also be risk factors for the development of CPIP.Conclusions The risk factors of CPIP still need the further study.

Citation： AN Lijuan, YU Yongjiang. Research progress of risk factors for chronic postoperative inguinal pain after inguinal hernia repair. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2020, 27(5): 629-633. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201908054 Copy

1.	HerniaSurge Group. International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia, 2018, 22(1): 1-165.
2.	Kehlet H, Bay-Nielsen M, Danish Hernia Database Collaboration. Nationwide quality improvement of groin hernia repair from the Danish Hernia Database of 87,840 patients from 1998 to 2005. Hernia, 2008, 12(1): 1-7.
3.	吴金成, 张思宇, 黄小蓉. 4 种成人腹股沟疝术式术后复发的临床分析. 中国卫生标准管理, 2018, 9(17): 68-71.
4.	Cunningham J, Temple WJ, Mitchell P, et al. Cooperative hernia study. Pain in the postrepair patient. Ann Surg, 1996, 224(5): 598-602.
5.	Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet, 2006, 367(9522): 1618-1625.
6.	Linderoth G, Kehlet H, Aasvang EK, et al. Neurophysiological characterization of persistent pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Hernia, 2011, 15(5): 521-529.
7.	Reinpold W. Risk factors of chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair: a systematic review. Innov Surg Sci, 2017, 2(2): 61-68.
8.	Fillingim RB, King CD, Ribeiro-Dasilva MC, et al. Sex, gender, and pain: a review of recent clinical and experimental findings. J Pain, 2009, 10(5): 447-485.
9.	Tolver MA, Rosenberg J, Bisgaard T. Early pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. A qualitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2012, 56(5): 549-557.
10.	Tolver MA, Strandfelt P, Rosenberg J, et al. Female gender is a risk factor for pain, discomfort, and fatigue after laparoscopic groin hernia repair. Hernia, 2013, 17(3): 321-327.
11.	Ali SM, Zendejas B, Yadav S, et al. Predictors of chronic groin discomfort after laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. J Am Coll Surg, 2013, 217(1): 72-80.
12.	Mitura K, Garnysz K, Wyrzykowska D, et al. The change in groin pain perception after transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair with glue fixation: a prospective trial of a single surgeon’s experience. Surg Endosc, 2018, 32(10): 4284-4289.
13.	Langeveld HR, Klitsie P, Smedinga H, et al. Prognostic value of age for chronic postoperative inguinal pain. Hernia, 2015, 19(4): 549-555.
14.	Hallén M, Sevonius D, Westerdahl J, et al. Risk factors for reoperation due to chronic groin postherniorrhaphy pain. Hernia, 2015, 19(6): 863-869.
15.	Donati M, Brancato G, Giglio A, et al. Incidence of pain after inguinal hernia repair in the elderly. A retrospective historical cohort evaluation of 18-years’ experience with a mesh & plug inguinal hernia repair method on about 3 000 patients. BMC Surg, 2013, 13 Suppl 2: S19.
16.	Bakker WJ, van Hessen CV, Verleisdonk EJMM, et al. Is young age a risk factor for chronic postoperative inguinal pain after endoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair? Hernia, 2019, [Epub ahead of print].
17.	Niebuhr H, Wegner F, Hukauf M, et al. What are the influencing factors for chronic pain following TAPP inguinal hernia repair: an analysis of 20,004 patients from the Herniamed Registry. Surg Endosc, 2018, 32(4): 1971-1983.
18.	Willoughby AD, Lim RB, Lustik MB. Open versus laparoscopic unilateral inguinal hernia repairs: defining the ideal BMI to reduce complications. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(1): 206-214.
19.	Irkulla S, Ujam B, Gaze D, et al. Abdominal adiposity is the main determinant of the C-reactive response to injury in subjects undergoing inguinal hernia repair. J Inflamm (Lond), 2013, 10(1): 5.
20.	Chatzimavroudis G, Papaziogas B, Atmatzidis S, et al. Obesity as a lifetime risk factor for mesh infection after groin hernia repair. Ann Surg, 2014, 259(6): e89.
21.	Bugada D, Lavand’homme P, Ambrosoli AL, et al. Effect of preoperative inflammatory status and comorbidities on pain resolution and persistent postsurgical pain after inguinal hernia repair. Mediators Inflamm, 2016, 2016: 1-7.
22.	Dennis R, O’Riordan D. Risk factors for chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2007, 89(3): 218-220.
23.	Wright R, Born DE, D’Souza N, et al. Why do inguinal hernia patients have pain? Histology points to compression neuropathy. Am J Surg, 2017, 213(5): 975-982.
24.	Manangi M, Shivashankar S, Vijayakumar A. Chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. Int Sch Res Notices, 2014, 2014: 839681.
25.	Nikkolo C, Vaasna T, Murruste M, et al. Randomized clinical study evaluating the impact of mesh pore size on chronic pain after Lichtenstein hernioplasty. J Surg Res, 2014, 191(2): 311-317.
26.	Mier N, Helm M, Kastenmeier AS, et al. Preoperative pain in patient with an inguinal hernia predicts long-term quality of life. Surgery, 2018, 163(3): 578-581.
27.	Miserez M, Alexandre JH, Campanelli G, et al. The European hernia society groin hernia classification: simple and easy to remember. Hernia, 2007, 11(2): 113-116.
28.	Hoffmann H, Walther D, Bittner R, et al. Smaller inguinal hernias are independent risk factors for developing chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP): a registry-based multivariable analysis of57, 999 patients. Ann Surg, 2018, [Epub ahead of print].
29.	Öberg S, Andresen K, Klausen TW, et al. Chronic pain after mesh versus nonmesh repair of inguinal hernias: a systematic review and a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Surgery, 2018, 163(5): 1151-1159.
30.	Ndiaye A, Diop M, Ndoye JM, et al. Anatomical basis of neuropathies and damage to the ilioinguinal nerve during repairs of groin hernias. (about 100 dissections). Surg Radiol Anat, 2007, 29(8): 675-681.
31.	Charalambous MP, Charalambous CP. Incidence of chronic groin pain following open mesh inguinal hernia repair, and effect of elective division of the ilioinguinal nerve: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hernia, 2018, 22(3): 401-409.
32.	Bansal VK, Misra MC, Babu D, et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of long-term outcomes: chronic groin pain and quality of life following totally extraperitoneal (TEP) and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Surg Endosc, 2013, 27(7): 2373-2382.
33.	Westin L, Wollert S, Ljungdahl M, et al. Less pain 1 year after total extra-peritoneal repair compared with lichtenstein using local anesthesia: data from a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Surg, 2016, 263(2): 240-243.
34.	Öberg S, Andresen K, Rosenberg J. Decreasing prevalence of chronic pain after laparoscopic groin hernia repair: a nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire study. Surg Today, 2018, 48(8): 796-803.
35.	Miller JP, Acar F, Kaimaktchiev VB, et al. Pathology of ilioinguinal neuropathy produced by mesh entrapment: case report and literature review. Hernia, 2008, 12(2): 213-216.
36.	Pierides GA, Paajanen HE, Vironen JH. Factors predicting chronic pain after open mesh based inguinal hernia repair: a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg, 2016, 29: 165-170.
37.	Weyhe D, Schmitz I, Belyaev O, et al. Experimental comparison of monofile light and heavy polypropylene meshes: less weight does not mean less biological response. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8): 1586-1591.
38.	Mühl T, Binnebösel M, Klinge U, et al. New objective measurement to characterize the porosity of textile implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2008, 84(1): 176-183.
39.	Wirth U, Saller ML, von Ahnen T, et al. Long-term outcome and chronic pain in atraumatic fibrin glue versus staple fixation of extra light titanized meshes in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TAPP): a single-center experience. Surg Endosc, 2019, [Epub ahead of print].
40.	Shah NS, Fullwood C, Siriwardena AK, et al. Mesh fixation at laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a meta-analysis comparing tissue glue and tack fixation. World J Surg, 2014, 38(10): 2558-2570.
41.	Jeroukhimov I, Wiser I, Karasic E, et al. Reduced postoperative chronic pain after tension-free inguinal hernia repair using absorbable sutures: a single-blind randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Surg, 2014, 218(1): 102-107.
42.	Gutlic N, Rogmark P, Nordin P, et al. Impact of mesh fixation on chronic pain in total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TEP): a nationwide register-based study. Ann Surg, 2016, 263(6): 1199-1206.
43.	Liew W, Wai YY, Kosai NR, et al. Tackers versus glue mesh fixation: an objective assessment of postoperative acute and chronic pain using inflammatory markers. Hernia, 2017, 21(4): 549-554.
44.	Li W, Sun D, Sun Y, et al. The effect of transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) inguinal hernioplasty on chronic pain and quality of life of patients: mesh fixation versus non-fixation. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(10): 4238-4243.
45.	Andresen K, Fenger AQ, Burcharth J, et al. Mesh fixation methods and chronic pain after transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) inguinal hernia surgery: a comparison between fibrin sealant and tacks. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(10): 4077-4084.
46.	Grosu I, de Kock M. New concepts in acute pain management: strategies to prevent chronic postsurgical pain, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and outcome measures. Anesthesiol Clin, 2011, 29(2): 311-327.
47.	Olsson A, Sandblom G, Fränneby U, et al. Impact of postoperative complications on the risk for chronic groin pain after open inguinal hernia repair. Surgery, 2017, 161(2): 509-516.
48.	Kurmann A, Fischer H, Dell-Kuster S, et al. Effect of intraoperative infiltration with local anesthesia on the development of chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Surgery, 2015, 157(1): 144-154.
49.	Theodoraki K, Papacharalampous P, Tsaroucha A, et al. The effect of transversus abdominis plane block on acute and chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. A randomized controlled trial. Int J Surg, 2019, 63: 63-70.

1. HerniaSurge Group. International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia, 2018, 22(1): 1-165.
2. Kehlet H, Bay-Nielsen M, Danish Hernia Database Collaboration. Nationwide quality improvement of groin hernia repair from the Danish Hernia Database of 87,840 patients from 1998 to 2005. Hernia, 2008, 12(1): 1-7.
3. 吴金成, 张思宇, 黄小蓉. 4 种成人腹股沟疝术式术后复发的临床分析. 中国卫生标准管理, 2018, 9(17): 68-71.
4. Cunningham J, Temple WJ, Mitchell P, et al. Cooperative hernia study. Pain in the postrepair patient. Ann Surg, 1996, 224(5): 598-602.
5. Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet, 2006, 367(9522): 1618-1625.
6. Linderoth G, Kehlet H, Aasvang EK, et al. Neurophysiological characterization of persistent pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Hernia, 2011, 15(5): 521-529.
7. Reinpold W. Risk factors of chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair: a systematic review. Innov Surg Sci, 2017, 2(2): 61-68.
8. Fillingim RB, King CD, Ribeiro-Dasilva MC, et al. Sex, gender, and pain: a review of recent clinical and experimental findings. J Pain, 2009, 10(5): 447-485.
9. Tolver MA, Rosenberg J, Bisgaard T. Early pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. A qualitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2012, 56(5): 549-557.
10. Tolver MA, Strandfelt P, Rosenberg J, et al. Female gender is a risk factor for pain, discomfort, and fatigue after laparoscopic groin hernia repair. Hernia, 2013, 17(3): 321-327.
11. Ali SM, Zendejas B, Yadav S, et al. Predictors of chronic groin discomfort after laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. J Am Coll Surg, 2013, 217(1): 72-80.
12. Mitura K, Garnysz K, Wyrzykowska D, et al. The change in groin pain perception after transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair with glue fixation: a prospective trial of a single surgeon’s experience. Surg Endosc, 2018, 32(10): 4284-4289.
13. Langeveld HR, Klitsie P, Smedinga H, et al. Prognostic value of age for chronic postoperative inguinal pain. Hernia, 2015, 19(4): 549-555.
14. Hallén M, Sevonius D, Westerdahl J, et al. Risk factors for reoperation due to chronic groin postherniorrhaphy pain. Hernia, 2015, 19(6): 863-869.
15. Donati M, Brancato G, Giglio A, et al. Incidence of pain after inguinal hernia repair in the elderly. A retrospective historical cohort evaluation of 18-years’ experience with a mesh & plug inguinal hernia repair method on about 3 000 patients. BMC Surg, 2013, 13 Suppl 2: S19.
16. Bakker WJ, van Hessen CV, Verleisdonk EJMM, et al. Is young age a risk factor for chronic postoperative inguinal pain after endoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair? Hernia, 2019, [Epub ahead of print].
17. Niebuhr H, Wegner F, Hukauf M, et al. What are the influencing factors for chronic pain following TAPP inguinal hernia repair: an analysis of 20,004 patients from the Herniamed Registry. Surg Endosc, 2018, 32(4): 1971-1983.
18. Willoughby AD, Lim RB, Lustik MB. Open versus laparoscopic unilateral inguinal hernia repairs: defining the ideal BMI to reduce complications. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(1): 206-214.
19. Irkulla S, Ujam B, Gaze D, et al. Abdominal adiposity is the main determinant of the C-reactive response to injury in subjects undergoing inguinal hernia repair. J Inflamm (Lond), 2013, 10(1): 5.
20. Chatzimavroudis G, Papaziogas B, Atmatzidis S, et al. Obesity as a lifetime risk factor for mesh infection after groin hernia repair. Ann Surg, 2014, 259(6): e89.
21. Bugada D, Lavand’homme P, Ambrosoli AL, et al. Effect of preoperative inflammatory status and comorbidities on pain resolution and persistent postsurgical pain after inguinal hernia repair. Mediators Inflamm, 2016, 2016: 1-7.
22. Dennis R, O’Riordan D. Risk factors for chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2007, 89(3): 218-220.
23. Wright R, Born DE, D’Souza N, et al. Why do inguinal hernia patients have pain? Histology points to compression neuropathy. Am J Surg, 2017, 213(5): 975-982.
24. Manangi M, Shivashankar S, Vijayakumar A. Chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. Int Sch Res Notices, 2014, 2014: 839681.
25. Nikkolo C, Vaasna T, Murruste M, et al. Randomized clinical study evaluating the impact of mesh pore size on chronic pain after Lichtenstein hernioplasty. J Surg Res, 2014, 191(2): 311-317.
26. Mier N, Helm M, Kastenmeier AS, et al. Preoperative pain in patient with an inguinal hernia predicts long-term quality of life. Surgery, 2018, 163(3): 578-581.
27. Miserez M, Alexandre JH, Campanelli G, et al. The European hernia society groin hernia classification: simple and easy to remember. Hernia, 2007, 11(2): 113-116.
28. Hoffmann H, Walther D, Bittner R, et al. Smaller inguinal hernias are independent risk factors for developing chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP): a registry-based multivariable analysis of57, 999 patients. Ann Surg, 2018, [Epub ahead of print].
29. Öberg S, Andresen K, Klausen TW, et al. Chronic pain after mesh versus nonmesh repair of inguinal hernias: a systematic review and a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Surgery, 2018, 163(5): 1151-1159.
30. Ndiaye A, Diop M, Ndoye JM, et al. Anatomical basis of neuropathies and damage to the ilioinguinal nerve during repairs of groin hernias. (about 100 dissections). Surg Radiol Anat, 2007, 29(8): 675-681.
31. Charalambous MP, Charalambous CP. Incidence of chronic groin pain following open mesh inguinal hernia repair, and effect of elective division of the ilioinguinal nerve: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hernia, 2018, 22(3): 401-409.
32. Bansal VK, Misra MC, Babu D, et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of long-term outcomes: chronic groin pain and quality of life following totally extraperitoneal (TEP) and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Surg Endosc, 2013, 27(7): 2373-2382.
33. Westin L, Wollert S, Ljungdahl M, et al. Less pain 1 year after total extra-peritoneal repair compared with lichtenstein using local anesthesia: data from a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Surg, 2016, 263(2): 240-243.
34. Öberg S, Andresen K, Rosenberg J. Decreasing prevalence of chronic pain after laparoscopic groin hernia repair: a nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire study. Surg Today, 2018, 48(8): 796-803.
35. Miller JP, Acar F, Kaimaktchiev VB, et al. Pathology of ilioinguinal neuropathy produced by mesh entrapment: case report and literature review. Hernia, 2008, 12(2): 213-216.
36. Pierides GA, Paajanen HE, Vironen JH. Factors predicting chronic pain after open mesh based inguinal hernia repair: a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg, 2016, 29: 165-170.
37. Weyhe D, Schmitz I, Belyaev O, et al. Experimental comparison of monofile light and heavy polypropylene meshes: less weight does not mean less biological response. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8): 1586-1591.
38. Mühl T, Binnebösel M, Klinge U, et al. New objective measurement to characterize the porosity of textile implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2008, 84(1): 176-183.
39. Wirth U, Saller ML, von Ahnen T, et al. Long-term outcome and chronic pain in atraumatic fibrin glue versus staple fixation of extra light titanized meshes in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TAPP): a single-center experience. Surg Endosc, 2019, [Epub ahead of print].
40. Shah NS, Fullwood C, Siriwardena AK, et al. Mesh fixation at laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a meta-analysis comparing tissue glue and tack fixation. World J Surg, 2014, 38(10): 2558-2570.
41. Jeroukhimov I, Wiser I, Karasic E, et al. Reduced postoperative chronic pain after tension-free inguinal hernia repair using absorbable sutures: a single-blind randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Surg, 2014, 218(1): 102-107.
42. Gutlic N, Rogmark P, Nordin P, et al. Impact of mesh fixation on chronic pain in total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TEP): a nationwide register-based study. Ann Surg, 2016, 263(6): 1199-1206.
43. Liew W, Wai YY, Kosai NR, et al. Tackers versus glue mesh fixation: an objective assessment of postoperative acute and chronic pain using inflammatory markers. Hernia, 2017, 21(4): 549-554.
44. Li W, Sun D, Sun Y, et al. The effect of transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) inguinal hernioplasty on chronic pain and quality of life of patients: mesh fixation versus non-fixation. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(10): 4238-4243.
45. Andresen K, Fenger AQ, Burcharth J, et al. Mesh fixation methods and chronic pain after transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) inguinal hernia surgery: a comparison between fibrin sealant and tacks. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(10): 4077-4084.
46. Grosu I, de Kock M. New concepts in acute pain management: strategies to prevent chronic postsurgical pain, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and outcome measures. Anesthesiol Clin, 2011, 29(2): 311-327.
47. Olsson A, Sandblom G, Fränneby U, et al. Impact of postoperative complications on the risk for chronic groin pain after open inguinal hernia repair. Surgery, 2017, 161(2): 509-516.
48. Kurmann A, Fischer H, Dell-Kuster S, et al. Effect of intraoperative infiltration with local anesthesia on the development of chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Surgery, 2015, 157(1): 144-154.
49. Theodoraki K, Papacharalampous P, Tsaroucha A, et al. The effect of transversus abdominis plane block on acute and chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair. A randomized controlled trial. Int J Surg, 2019, 63: 63-70.

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Research progress of risk factors for chronic postoperative inguinal pain after inguinal hernia repair

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