Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism after discharge of COVID-19 infection_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

WU Zhoupeng ,  ZHAO Jichun , MA Yukui

Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHAO Jichun, Email: zhaojc3@126.com

Keywords：

COVID-19 infection; venous thromboembolism; prevention

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202301041

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Inpatients after COVID-19 infection, especially those admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), may encounter a series of coagulation dysfunction, which may lead to thrombosis, such as pulmonary embolism (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or arterial thrombosis (AT). Although there are many literatures on the incidence rate, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection, there are few data on the symptomatic and subclinical incidence rate of VTE after COVID-19 infection discharge. Therefore, there are no specific recommendations or guidelines for the prevention of VTE after discharge from hospital due to COVID-19 infection, and the current guidelines are controversial. In this study, we reviewed and summarized the existing literature on the incidence rate, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 infection, in order to provide guidance for VTE prevention in patients with COVID-19 infection after discharge.

Citation： WU Zhoupeng, ZHAO Jichun, MA Yukui. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism after discharge of COVID-19 infection. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2023, 30(5): 517-522. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202301041 Copy

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2.	Engelen MM, Vandenbriele C, Balthazar T, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients discharged after COVID-19 hospitalization. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2021, 47(4): 362-371.
3.	Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1054-1062.
4.	Panigada M, Bottino N, Tagliabue P, et al. Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: a report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(7): 1738-1742.
5.	Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol, 2020, 95(7): 834-847.
6.	Levi M, Thachil J. Coronavirus disease 2019 coagulopathy: disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathy-either, neither, or both. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2020, 46(7): 781-784.
7.	Spyropoulos AC, Weitz JI. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients and venous thromboembolism: a perfect storm. Circulation, 2020, 142(2): 129-132.
8.	Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res, 2020, 191: 145-147.
9.	Hanif A, Khan S, Mantri N, et al. Thrombotic complications and anticoagulation in COVID-19 pneumonia: a New York City hospital experience. Ann Hematol, 2020, 99(10): 2323-2328.
10.	Bilaloglu S, Aphinyanaphongs Y, Jones S, et al. Thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a New York City Health System. JAMA, 2020, 324(8): 799-801.
11.	Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(23): 2950-2973.
12.	Lax SF, Skok K, Zechner P, et al. Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in COVID-19 with fatal outcome: results from a prospective, single-center, clinicopathologic case series. Ann Intern Med, 2020, 173(5): 350-361.
13.	Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lütgehetmann M, et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 2020, 173(4): 268-277.
14.	Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(4): 844-847.
15.	Barton LM, Duval EJ, Stroberg E, et al. COVID-19 autopsies, Oklahoma, USA. Am J Clin Pathol, 2020, 153(6): 725-733.
16.	Santoliquido A, Porfidia A, Nesci A, et al. Incidence of deep vein thrombosis among non-ICU patients hospitalized for COVID-19 despite pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(9): 2358-2363.
17.	Demelo-Rodríguez P, Cervilla-Muñoz E, Ordieres-Ortega L, et al. Incidence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and elevated D-dimer levels. Thromb Res, 2020, 192: 23-26.
18.	Nahum J, Morichau-Beauchant T, Daviaud F, et al. Venous thrombosis among critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(5): e2010478. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10478.
19.	Llitjos JF, Leclerc M, Chochois C, et al. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(7): 1743-1746.
20.	Moores LK, Tritschler T, Brosnahan S, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 2020, 158(3): 1143-1163.
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22.	Spyropoulos AC, Levy JH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee communication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(8): 1859-1865.
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24.	Waite AAC, Hamilton DO, Pizzi R, et al. Hypercoagulopathy in severe COVID-19: implications for acute care. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(12): 1654-1667.
25.	Stessel B, Vanvuchelen C, Bruckers L, et al. Impact of implementation of an individualised thromboprophylaxis protocol in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal controlled before-after study. Thromb Res, 2020, 194: 209-215.
26.	Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood, 2020, 135(23): 2033-2040.
27.	Amin A, Neuman WR, Lingohr-Smith M, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and risk for acutely medically ill patients stratified by different ages and renal disease status. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2019, 25: 1076029618823287. doi: 10.1177/1076029618823287.
28.	Roberts LN, Whyte MB, Georgiou L, et al. Postdischarge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-19. Blood, 2020, 136(11): 1347-1350.
29.	Patell R, Bogue T, Koshy A, et al. Postdischarge thrombosis and hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19. Blood, 2020, 136(11): 1342-1346.
30.	Rashidi F, Barco S, Kamangar F, et al. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism following hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019: prospective results from a multi-center study. Thromb Res, 2021, 198: 135-138.
31.	Giannis D, Allen SL, Tsang J, et al. Postdischarge thromboembolic outcomes and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the CORE-19 registry. Blood, 2021, 137(20): 2838-2847.
32.	Zhai Z, Li C, Chen Y, et al. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a consensus statement before guidelines. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(6): 937-948.
33.	Middeldorp S, Coppens M, van Haaps TF, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(8): 1995-2002.
34.	Fogarty H, Townsend L, Ni Cheallaigh C, et al. COVID19 coagulopathy in Caucasian patients. Br J Haematol, 2020, 189(6): 1044-1049.
35.	Sakr Y, Giovini M, Leone M, et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a narrative review. Ann Intensive Care, 2020, 10: 124. doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00741-0.
36.	Hsu A, Liu Y, Zayac AS, et al. Intensity of anticoagulation and survival in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. Thromb Res, 2020, 196: 375-378.
37.	Townsend L, Fogarty H, Dyer A, et al. Prolonged elevation ofD-dimer levels in convalescent COVID-19 patients is independent of the acute phase response. J Thromb Haemost, 2021, 19(4): 1064-1070.
38.	Yu B, Li X, Chen J, et al. Evaluation of variation in D-dimer levels among COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia: a retrospective analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2020, 50(3): 548-557.
39.	Iwasaki Y, Shiga T, Konno D, et al. Screening of COVID-19-associated hypercoagulopathy using rotational thromboelastometry. J Clin Anesth, 2020, 67: 109976. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109976.
40.	Brown W, Lunati M, Maceroli M, et al. Ability of thromboelastography to detect hypercoagulability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma, 2020, 34(6): 278-286.
41.	Gibson CM, Spyropoulos AC, Cohen AT, et al. The IMPROVEDD VTE risk score: incorporation of D-dimer into the IMPROVE score to improve venous thromboembolism risk stratification. TH Open, 2017, 1(1): e56-e65.
42.	Spyropoulos AC, Cohen SL, Gianos E, et al. Validation of the IMPROVE-DD risk assessment model for venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2021, 5(2): 296-300.
43.	Hulshof AM, Braeken DCW, Ghossein-Doha C, et al. Hemostasis and fibrinolysis in COVID-19 survivors 6 months after intensive care unit discharge. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2021, 5(6): e12579. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12579.
44.	Van Poucke S, Stevens K, Wetzels R, et al. Early platelet recovery following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Platelets, 2016, 27(8): 751-757.
45.	Tao DL, Bien JY, DeLoughery TG, et al. Extended thromboprophylaxis with direct oral anticoagulants for medical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood, 2017, 129(5): 653-655.
46.	Hull RD, Schellong SM, Tapson VF, et al. Extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with recently reduced mobility: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 2010, 153(1): 8-18.
47.	Vandenbriele C, Van Aelst L, Balthazar T, et al. Anticoagulant therapy in COVID-19 critically ill: should we go for more. J Kardiol, 2020, 57(5): 168-170.
48.	Vanassche T, Orlando C, Vandenbosch K, et al. Belgian clinical guidance on anticoagulation management in hospitalised and ambulatory patients with COVID-19. Acta Clin Belg, 2022, 77(2): 280-285.
49.	Schünemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv, 2018, 2(22): 3198-3225.
50.	Al-Banaa K, Alshami A, Elhouderi E, et al. Low versus high dose anticoagulation in patients with Coronavirus 2019 pneumonia at the time of admission to critical care units: a multicenter retrospective cohort study in the Beaumont healthcare system. PLoS One, 2022, 17(3): e0265966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265966.
51.	Hoogenboom WS, Lu JQ, Musheyev B, et al. Prophylactic versus therapeutic dose anticoagulation effects on survival among critically ill patients with COVID-19. PLoS One, 2022, 17(1): e0262811. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262811.
52.	Ionescu F, Jaiyesimi I, Petrescu I, et al. Association of anticoagulation dose and survival in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a retrospective propensity score-weighted analysis. Eur J Haematol, 2021, 106(2): 165-174.
53.	Lopes RD, de Barros E Silva PGM, Furtado RHM, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet, 2021, 397(10291): 2253-2263.
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1. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in china: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA, 2020, 323(13): 1239-1242.
2. Engelen MM, Vandenbriele C, Balthazar T, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients discharged after COVID-19 hospitalization. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2021, 47(4): 362-371.
3. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1054-1062.
4. Panigada M, Bottino N, Tagliabue P, et al. Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: a report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(7): 1738-1742.
5. Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol, 2020, 95(7): 834-847.
6. Levi M, Thachil J. Coronavirus disease 2019 coagulopathy: disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathy-either, neither, or both. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2020, 46(7): 781-784.
7. Spyropoulos AC, Weitz JI. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients and venous thromboembolism: a perfect storm. Circulation, 2020, 142(2): 129-132.
8. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res, 2020, 191: 145-147.
9. Hanif A, Khan S, Mantri N, et al. Thrombotic complications and anticoagulation in COVID-19 pneumonia: a New York City hospital experience. Ann Hematol, 2020, 99(10): 2323-2328.
10. Bilaloglu S, Aphinyanaphongs Y, Jones S, et al. Thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a New York City Health System. JAMA, 2020, 324(8): 799-801.
11. Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(23): 2950-2973.
12. Lax SF, Skok K, Zechner P, et al. Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in COVID-19 with fatal outcome: results from a prospective, single-center, clinicopathologic case series. Ann Intern Med, 2020, 173(5): 350-361.
13. Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lütgehetmann M, et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 2020, 173(4): 268-277.
14. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(4): 844-847.
15. Barton LM, Duval EJ, Stroberg E, et al. COVID-19 autopsies, Oklahoma, USA. Am J Clin Pathol, 2020, 153(6): 725-733.
16. Santoliquido A, Porfidia A, Nesci A, et al. Incidence of deep vein thrombosis among non-ICU patients hospitalized for COVID-19 despite pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(9): 2358-2363.
17. Demelo-Rodríguez P, Cervilla-Muñoz E, Ordieres-Ortega L, et al. Incidence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and elevated D-dimer levels. Thromb Res, 2020, 192: 23-26.
18. Nahum J, Morichau-Beauchant T, Daviaud F, et al. Venous thrombosis among critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(5): e2010478. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10478.
19. Llitjos JF, Leclerc M, Chochois C, et al. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(7): 1743-1746.
20. Moores LK, Tritschler T, Brosnahan S, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 2020, 158(3): 1143-1163.
21. Cuker A, Tseng EK, Nieuwlaat R, et al. American Society of Hematology living guidelines on the use of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19: May 2021 update on the use of intermediate-intensity anticoagulation in critically ill patients. Blood Adv, 2021, 5(20): 3951-3959.
22. Spyropoulos AC, Levy JH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee communication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(8): 1859-1865.
23. Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Antinori A, et al. Heparin in COVID-19 patients is associated with reduced in-hospital mortality: the Multicenter Italian CORIST Study. Thromb Haemost, 2021, 121(8): 1054-1065.
24. Waite AAC, Hamilton DO, Pizzi R, et al. Hypercoagulopathy in severe COVID-19: implications for acute care. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(12): 1654-1667.
25. Stessel B, Vanvuchelen C, Bruckers L, et al. Impact of implementation of an individualised thromboprophylaxis protocol in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal controlled before-after study. Thromb Res, 2020, 194: 209-215.
26. Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood, 2020, 135(23): 2033-2040.
27. Amin A, Neuman WR, Lingohr-Smith M, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and risk for acutely medically ill patients stratified by different ages and renal disease status. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2019, 25: 1076029618823287. doi: 10.1177/1076029618823287.
28. Roberts LN, Whyte MB, Georgiou L, et al. Postdischarge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-19. Blood, 2020, 136(11): 1347-1350.
29. Patell R, Bogue T, Koshy A, et al. Postdischarge thrombosis and hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19. Blood, 2020, 136(11): 1342-1346.
30. Rashidi F, Barco S, Kamangar F, et al. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism following hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019: prospective results from a multi-center study. Thromb Res, 2021, 198: 135-138.
31. Giannis D, Allen SL, Tsang J, et al. Postdischarge thromboembolic outcomes and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the CORE-19 registry. Blood, 2021, 137(20): 2838-2847.
32. Zhai Z, Li C, Chen Y, et al. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a consensus statement before guidelines. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(6): 937-948.
33. Middeldorp S, Coppens M, van Haaps TF, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(8): 1995-2002.
34. Fogarty H, Townsend L, Ni Cheallaigh C, et al. COVID19 coagulopathy in Caucasian patients. Br J Haematol, 2020, 189(6): 1044-1049.
35. Sakr Y, Giovini M, Leone M, et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a narrative review. Ann Intensive Care, 2020, 10: 124. doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00741-0.
36. Hsu A, Liu Y, Zayac AS, et al. Intensity of anticoagulation and survival in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. Thromb Res, 2020, 196: 375-378.
37. Townsend L, Fogarty H, Dyer A, et al. Prolonged elevation ofD-dimer levels in convalescent COVID-19 patients is independent of the acute phase response. J Thromb Haemost, 2021, 19(4): 1064-1070.
38. Yu B, Li X, Chen J, et al. Evaluation of variation in D-dimer levels among COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia: a retrospective analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2020, 50(3): 548-557.
39. Iwasaki Y, Shiga T, Konno D, et al. Screening of COVID-19-associated hypercoagulopathy using rotational thromboelastometry. J Clin Anesth, 2020, 67: 109976. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109976.
40. Brown W, Lunati M, Maceroli M, et al. Ability of thromboelastography to detect hypercoagulability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma, 2020, 34(6): 278-286.
41. Gibson CM, Spyropoulos AC, Cohen AT, et al. The IMPROVEDD VTE risk score: incorporation of D-dimer into the IMPROVE score to improve venous thromboembolism risk stratification. TH Open, 2017, 1(1): e56-e65.
42. Spyropoulos AC, Cohen SL, Gianos E, et al. Validation of the IMPROVE-DD risk assessment model for venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2021, 5(2): 296-300.
43. Hulshof AM, Braeken DCW, Ghossein-Doha C, et al. Hemostasis and fibrinolysis in COVID-19 survivors 6 months after intensive care unit discharge. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2021, 5(6): e12579. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12579.
44. Van Poucke S, Stevens K, Wetzels R, et al. Early platelet recovery following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Platelets, 2016, 27(8): 751-757.
45. Tao DL, Bien JY, DeLoughery TG, et al. Extended thromboprophylaxis with direct oral anticoagulants for medical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood, 2017, 129(5): 653-655.
46. Hull RD, Schellong SM, Tapson VF, et al. Extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with recently reduced mobility: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 2010, 153(1): 8-18.
47. Vandenbriele C, Van Aelst L, Balthazar T, et al. Anticoagulant therapy in COVID-19 critically ill: should we go for more. J Kardiol, 2020, 57(5): 168-170.
48. Vanassche T, Orlando C, Vandenbosch K, et al. Belgian clinical guidance on anticoagulation management in hospitalised and ambulatory patients with COVID-19. Acta Clin Belg, 2022, 77(2): 280-285.
49. Schünemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv, 2018, 2(22): 3198-3225.
50. Al-Banaa K, Alshami A, Elhouderi E, et al. Low versus high dose anticoagulation in patients with Coronavirus 2019 pneumonia at the time of admission to critical care units: a multicenter retrospective cohort study in the Beaumont healthcare system. PLoS One, 2022, 17(3): e0265966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265966.
51. Hoogenboom WS, Lu JQ, Musheyev B, et al. Prophylactic versus therapeutic dose anticoagulation effects on survival among critically ill patients with COVID-19. PLoS One, 2022, 17(1): e0262811. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262811.
52. Ionescu F, Jaiyesimi I, Petrescu I, et al. Association of anticoagulation dose and survival in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a retrospective propensity score-weighted analysis. Eur J Haematol, 2021, 106(2): 165-174.
53. Lopes RD, de Barros E Silva PGM, Furtado RHM, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet, 2021, 397(10291): 2253-2263.
54. Ramacciotti E, Barile Agati L, Calderaro D, et al. Rivaroxaban versus no anticoagulation for post-discharge thromboprophylaxis after hospitalisation for COVID-19 (MICHELLE): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet, 2022, 399(10319): 50-59.
55. Greenall R, Davis RE. Intermittent pneumatic compression for venous thromboembolism prevention: a systematic review on factors affecting adherence. BMJ Open, 2020, 10(9): e037036. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037036.
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CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism after discharge of COVID-19 infection

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