Effect of surgical treatment on prognosis in patients with gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

HUANG Kun , ZHAO Pan ,  ZHAO Pingwu , HE Yunsheng

Department of General Surgery, Mianyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHAO Pingwu, Email: zhaopingwu01@hotmail.com

Keywords：

gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma; surgical treatment; prognosis; the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202304039

Video：

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Objective To evaluate the prognostic value of surgical treatment in gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) by using real-world data with a large sample in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Methods The clinical data of patients with pathologically diagnosed GSCC from 2000 to 2019 were extracted from the SEER database. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 257 patients were included after strict screening. The patients were divided into operation group and non-operation group according to whether they underwent surgery. The cancer-specific survival (CSS) and the overall survival (OS) between the two groups were compared, and the influencing factors for the CSS and the OS were analyzed by using Cox proportional hazard model. Results Of 257 patients, 127 (49.4%) were in the operation group, and 130 (50.6%) in the non-operation group. The average follow-up ranged from 0 to 220 months, with the median follow-up time of 3 months. Of the 127 patients in the operation group, 105 died (82.7%), including 88 tumor-related deaths (69.3%). Of the 130 patients in the non-operation group, 124 died (95.4%), including 115 tumor-related deaths (88.5%). The median survival time for OS in the operation group and the non-operation group were 6 months and 3 months, respectively, and that for CSS were 7 months and 3 months, respectively. The estimated 1-year OS of the operation group and the non-operation group were 30.1% and 4.6% respectively; the estimated 1-year CSS were 35.1% and 5.8%, respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups on OS and CSS (χ²=41.400, P<0.001; χ²=42.750, P<0.001). That the OS [HR=0.44, 95%CI (0.25, 0.77), P=0.004] and the CSS [HR=0.46, 95%CI (0.25, 0.84), P=0.011] in GSCC patients were significantly improved by surgical treatment, showed by the results of multivariate prognostic analysis via Cox proportional hazard mode. Conclusions Surgical treatment was an independent factor affecting the prognosis of GSCC, and it could improve the OS and the CSS. As for the modus operandi, R0 resection should be recommended.

Citation： HUANG Kun, ZHAO Pan, ZHAO Pingwu, HE Yunsheng. Effect of surgical treatment on prognosis in patients with gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2023, 30(8): 964-969. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202304039 Copy

1.	Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin, 2020, 70(1): 7-30.
2.	Leigh N, Solomon D, Pletcher E, et al. Adeno-squamous and squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: the importance of histology in surgical management. Am J Surg, 2020, 220(5): 1242-1248.
3.	吕文才, 邹运, 温爽, 等. 中国胆囊癌发病率及流行趋势分析. 中华消化外科杂志, 2019, 18(2): 186-189.
4.	孙旭恒, 王一钧, 张薇, 等. 中国胆囊癌流行病学特征与诊治及预后分析 (附6 159例报告). 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(1): 114-128.
5.	Jena SS, Meher D. Squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder masquerading liver abscess with review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2022, 90: 106710. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106710.
6.	Takahashi H, Irri A, Fenig Y, et al. Systematic review of squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. Am J Surg, 2022, 224(3): 863-868.
7.	朱加啟, 何敏, 巢凯, 等. 原发性胆囊低分化鳞状细胞癌1例并文献复习. 中国临床研究, 2022, 35(7): 1019-1021, 1026.
8.	巫琳, 刁小丽, 王剑锋, 等. 肝动脉化疗栓塞术缓解胆囊鳞状细胞癌肝转移引起的肿瘤热一例. 中华介入放射学电子杂志, 2021, 9(2): 231-233.
9.	Perisetti A, Raghavapuram S, Tharian B, et al. Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder masquerading as a hepatic mass. Cureus, 2018, 10(1): e2011. doi: 10.7759/cureus.2011.
10.	Chen X, Zhou Y, Xu Q, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome between gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: a propensity matched analysis based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 833447. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833447.
11.	Li J, Miao Y, Wang Y, et al. Advanced primary squamous cell carcinoma of gallbladder and potential predictive biomarkers for prognosis. J Int Med Res, 2020, 48(8): 300060520946558. doi: 10.1177/0300060520946558.
12.	高莹, 刘兰, 崔京淑, 等. 胆囊原发性鳞状细胞癌1例. 临床与实验病理学杂志, 2021, 37(12): 1520-1521.
13.	Hashimoto K, Fujie Y, Fujita J, et al. Surgical resection of advanced gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma accompanied by infiltration of the surrounding organs and general peritonitis. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2020, 73: 294-297.
14.	Junior MAR, Favaro ML, Santin S, et al. Giant squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: a case report. World J Clin Cases, 2019, 7(18): 2787-2793.
15.	任超, 王玺瑞, 薛峰, 等. 放化疗在胆囊腺鳞癌治疗中的预后价值. 肝胆胰外科杂志, 2022, 34(1): 30-34, 42.
16.	Groeschl RT, Christians KK, Turaga KK, et al. Management of primary hepatopancreatobiliary small cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 2013, 107(7): 692-695.
17.	Crippa S, Cirocchi R, Weiss MJ, et al. A systematic review of surgical resection of liver-only synchronous metastases from pancreatic cancer in the era of multiagent chemotherapy. Updates Surg, 2020, 72(1): 39-45.
18.	黄坤, 赵平武, 白斗, 等. 不同病理学类型的腹膜后脂肪肉瘤患者的预后分析及临床评价. 中国普通外科杂志, 2021, 30(10): 1212-1228.
19.	陈茂山, 李芳芳, 杨宏伟, 等. 基于SEER数据库分析142 007例乳腺癌诊断时婚姻状态与预后的关系. 重庆医科大学学报, 2020, 45(11): 1567-1572.
20.	Qiu MZ, Shi SM, Chen ZH, et al. Frequency and clinicopathological features of metastasis to liver, lung, bone, and brain from gastric cancer: a SEER-based study. Cancer Med, 2018, 7(8): 3662-3672.
21.	Mao W, Deng F, Wang D, et al. Treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer: a SEER-based study. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(1): 141-150.
22.	Mao W, Zhang Z, Huang X, et al. Marital status and survival in patients with penile cancer. J Cancer, 2019, 10(12): 2661-2669.
23.	徐鹏. 基于SEER数据库分析进行原发肿瘤手术联合全身治疗的初诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌患者的预后. 山东: 山东大学, 2022.
24.	Chen MS, Liu PC, Yi JZ, et al. Development and validation of nomograms for predicting survival in patients with de novo metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 14659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18727-2.
25.	康锶鹏, 谢飞来, 余英豪. 胆囊原发性鳞状细胞癌1例. 临床与实验病理学杂志, 2016, 32(1): 118-119.
26.	Ayabe RI, Wach MM, Ruff SM, et al. Gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma: an analysis of 1 084 cases from the National Cancer Database. J Surg Oncol, 2020. doi: 10.1002/jso.26066.
27.	耿智敏, 王林, 陈晨, 等. 438例胆囊癌外科治疗及预后因素分析. 中华消化外科杂志, 2016, 15(4): 346-352.
28.	刘智, 高晓勤, 张俊, 等. 原发性胆囊鳞状上皮细胞癌1例. 诊断病理学杂志, 2016, 23(3): 238-239.
29.	Huang K, Zhao P, Zhao J, et al. A unique case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the liver manifesting with biloma: a case report. Oncol Lett, 2022, 24(1): 227. doi: 10.3892/ol.2022.13348.
30.	Aldossary MY, Alayed AA, Amr S, et al. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: report of a rare neoplasm from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2018, 51: 186-189.
31.	刘凯, 段纪成, 常颜信, 等. 胆囊鳞癌、腺鳞癌的诊断和治疗 (附33例病例分析和78例文献复习). 肝胆外科杂志, 2016, 24(3): 172-175.
32.	黄坤, 何运胜, 赵攀, 等. 手术治疗对直肠小细胞神经内分泌癌患者预后影响的SEER数据库分析. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2023, 30(2): 179-184.

1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin, 2020, 70(1): 7-30.
2. Leigh N, Solomon D, Pletcher E, et al. Adeno-squamous and squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: the importance of histology in surgical management. Am J Surg, 2020, 220(5): 1242-1248.
3. 吕文才, 邹运, 温爽, 等. 中国胆囊癌发病率及流行趋势分析. 中华消化外科杂志, 2019, 18(2): 186-189.
4. 孙旭恒, 王一钧, 张薇, 等. 中国胆囊癌流行病学特征与诊治及预后分析 (附6 159例报告). 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(1): 114-128.
5. Jena SS, Meher D. Squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder masquerading liver abscess with review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2022, 90: 106710. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106710.
6. Takahashi H, Irri A, Fenig Y, et al. Systematic review of squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. Am J Surg, 2022, 224(3): 863-868.
7. 朱加啟, 何敏, 巢凯, 等. 原发性胆囊低分化鳞状细胞癌1例并文献复习. 中国临床研究, 2022, 35(7): 1019-1021, 1026.
8. 巫琳, 刁小丽, 王剑锋, 等. 肝动脉化疗栓塞术缓解胆囊鳞状细胞癌肝转移引起的肿瘤热一例. 中华介入放射学电子杂志, 2021, 9(2): 231-233.
9. Perisetti A, Raghavapuram S, Tharian B, et al. Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder masquerading as a hepatic mass. Cureus, 2018, 10(1): e2011. doi: 10.7759/cureus.2011.
10. Chen X, Zhou Y, Xu Q, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome between gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: a propensity matched analysis based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 833447. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833447.
11. Li J, Miao Y, Wang Y, et al. Advanced primary squamous cell carcinoma of gallbladder and potential predictive biomarkers for prognosis. J Int Med Res, 2020, 48(8): 300060520946558. doi: 10.1177/0300060520946558.
12. 高莹, 刘兰, 崔京淑, 等. 胆囊原发性鳞状细胞癌1例. 临床与实验病理学杂志, 2021, 37(12): 1520-1521.
13. Hashimoto K, Fujie Y, Fujita J, et al. Surgical resection of advanced gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma accompanied by infiltration of the surrounding organs and general peritonitis. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2020, 73: 294-297.
14. Junior MAR, Favaro ML, Santin S, et al. Giant squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: a case report. World J Clin Cases, 2019, 7(18): 2787-2793.
15. 任超, 王玺瑞, 薛峰, 等. 放化疗在胆囊腺鳞癌治疗中的预后价值. 肝胆胰外科杂志, 2022, 34(1): 30-34, 42.
16. Groeschl RT, Christians KK, Turaga KK, et al. Management of primary hepatopancreatobiliary small cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 2013, 107(7): 692-695.
17. Crippa S, Cirocchi R, Weiss MJ, et al. A systematic review of surgical resection of liver-only synchronous metastases from pancreatic cancer in the era of multiagent chemotherapy. Updates Surg, 2020, 72(1): 39-45.
18. 黄坤, 赵平武, 白斗, 等. 不同病理学类型的腹膜后脂肪肉瘤患者的预后分析及临床评价. 中国普通外科杂志, 2021, 30(10): 1212-1228.
19. 陈茂山, 李芳芳, 杨宏伟, 等. 基于SEER数据库分析142 007例乳腺癌诊断时婚姻状态与预后的关系. 重庆医科大学学报, 2020, 45(11): 1567-1572.
20. Qiu MZ, Shi SM, Chen ZH, et al. Frequency and clinicopathological features of metastasis to liver, lung, bone, and brain from gastric cancer: a SEER-based study. Cancer Med, 2018, 7(8): 3662-3672.
21. Mao W, Deng F, Wang D, et al. Treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer: a SEER-based study. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(1): 141-150.
22. Mao W, Zhang Z, Huang X, et al. Marital status and survival in patients with penile cancer. J Cancer, 2019, 10(12): 2661-2669.
23. 徐鹏. 基于SEER数据库分析进行原发肿瘤手术联合全身治疗的初诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌患者的预后. 山东: 山东大学, 2022.
24. Chen MS, Liu PC, Yi JZ, et al. Development and validation of nomograms for predicting survival in patients with de novo metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 14659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18727-2.
25. 康锶鹏, 谢飞来, 余英豪. 胆囊原发性鳞状细胞癌1例. 临床与实验病理学杂志, 2016, 32(1): 118-119.
26. Ayabe RI, Wach MM, Ruff SM, et al. Gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma: an analysis of 1 084 cases from the National Cancer Database. J Surg Oncol, 2020. doi: 10.1002/jso.26066.
27. 耿智敏, 王林, 陈晨, 等. 438例胆囊癌外科治疗及预后因素分析. 中华消化外科杂志, 2016, 15(4): 346-352.
28. 刘智, 高晓勤, 张俊, 等. 原发性胆囊鳞状上皮细胞癌1例. 诊断病理学杂志, 2016, 23(3): 238-239.
29. Huang K, Zhao P, Zhao J, et al. A unique case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the liver manifesting with biloma: a case report. Oncol Lett, 2022, 24(1): 227. doi: 10.3892/ol.2022.13348.
30. Aldossary MY, Alayed AA, Amr S, et al. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: report of a rare neoplasm from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2018, 51: 186-189.
31. 刘凯, 段纪成, 常颜信, 等. 胆囊鳞癌、腺鳞癌的诊断和治疗 (附33例病例分析和78例文献复习). 肝胆外科杂志, 2016, 24(3): 172-175.
32. 黄坤, 何运胜, 赵攀, 等. 手术治疗对直肠小细胞神经内分泌癌患者预后影响的SEER数据库分析. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2023, 30(2): 179-184.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Effect of surgical treatment on prognosis in patients with gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma

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