Progress in function preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

WANG Linjun , LI Zheng ,  XU Zekuan

Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

XU Zekuan, Email: xuzekuan@njmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

early gastric cancer; protection function; gastrectomy

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202309097

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

With the promotion of health awareness and the improvement of gastroscopy examination technology, the detection rate of early gastric cancer in our country had gradually increased. The early gastric cancer had a favorable prognosis and long-term survival. Improving the postoperative quality of life of patients with early gastric cancer had become one of the important directions in gastric cancer research. Under the premise of ensuring tumor radical resection, preserving partial gastric remnant function had become a hot topic in the treatment of early gastric cancer. Function preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer mainly included segmental gastrectomy, proximal gastrectomy, and local gastrectomy, among others. The author summarized the important research progress in function preserving gastrectomy at home and abroad in recent years, as well as the practical experiences of this center, aiming to provide reference for clinical surgeons to better carry out this type of surgery.

Citation： WANG Linjun, LI Zheng, XU Zekuan. Progress in function preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2023, 30(10): 1163-1168. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202309097 Copy

1.	Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249.
2.	王胤奎, 李子禹, 陕飞, 等. 我国早期胃癌的诊治现状—来自中国胃肠肿瘤外科联盟数据的启示. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2018, 21(2): 168-174.
3.	Kim HH, Han SU, Kim MC, et al. Effect of laparoscopic distal gastrectomy vs open distal gastrectomy on long-term survival among patients with stage Ⅰ gastric cancer: the KLASS-01 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2019, 5(4): 506-513.
4.	中华医学会外科学分会胃肠学组, 中国医师协会外科医师分会肿瘤外科学组, 中国医师学会外科医师分会上消化道学组, 等. 中国胃癌保功能手术外科专家共识(2021版). 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2021, 24(5): 377-382.
5.	Nissen R. Preservation of the pyloric antrum in resection of high gastric lesions. J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y, 1951, 17(6): 442-449.
6.	Ohwada S, Nakamura S, Ogawa T, et al. Segmental gastrectomy for early cancer in the mid-stomach. Hepatogastroenterology, 1999, 46(26): 1229-1233.
7.	Shinohara T, Ohyama S, Muto T, et al. Clinical outcome of high segmental gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach. Br J Surg, 2006, 93(8): 975-980.
8.	Molfino S, Ballarini Z, Gheza F, et al. Is there a role for treatment-oriented surgery in stage Ⅳ gastric cancer? A systematic review. Updates Surg, 2019, 71(1): 21-27.
9.	Takeuchi H, Kitagawa Y. New sentinel node mapping technologies for early gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(2): 522-532.
10.	Kitagawa Y, Takeuchi H, Takagi Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping for gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter trial in Japan. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(29): 3704-3710.
11.	Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2010 (ver. 3). Gastric Cancer, 2011, 14(2): 113-123.
12.	中华医学会外科学分会胃肠外科学组. 保留幽门胃切除手术专家共识及操作指南(2019版). 中国实用外科杂志, 2019, 39(5): 412-418.
13.	Hasuike N, Ono H, Boku N, et al. A non-randomized confirmatory trial of an expanded indication for endoscopic submucosal dissection for intestinal-type gastric cancer (cT1a): the Japan Clinical Oncology Group study (JCOG0607). Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(1): 114-123.
14.	Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2021 (6th edition). Gastric Cancer, 2023, 26(1): 1-25.
15.	Mizuno A, Shinohara H, Haruta S, et al. Lymphadenectomy along the infrapyloric artery may be dispensable when performing pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early middle-third gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(3): 543-547.
16.	Khalayleh H, Kim YW, Yoon HM, et al. Assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with gastric cancer to identify those suitable for middle segmental gastrectomy. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(3): e211840.
17.	Kosuga T, Tsujiura M, Nakashima S, et al. Current status of function-preserving gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2021, 5(3): 278-286.
18.	Suh YS, Han DS, Kong SH, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted pylorus-preserving gastrectomy is better than laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for middle-third early gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 2014, 259(3): 485-493.
19.	Tsujiura M, Hiki N, Ohashi M, et al. Excellent long-term prognosis and favorable postoperative nutritional status after laparoscopic pylorus-preserving gastrectomy. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017, 24(8): 2233-2240.
20.	Namikawa T, Hiki N, Kinami S, et al. Factors that minimize postgastrectomy symptoms following pylorus-preserving gastrectomy: assessment using a newly developed scale (PGSAS-45). Gastric Cancer, 2015, 18(2): 397-406.
21.	Mao X, Xu X, Zhu H, et al. A comparison between pylorus-preserving and distal gastrectomy in surgical safety and functional benefit with gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2020, 18(1): 160.
22.	Hosoda K, Yamashita K, Katada N, et al. Potential benefits of laparoscopy-assisted proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy for cT1 upper-third gastric cancer. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(8): 3426-3436.
23.	Wang CJ, Kong SH, Park JH, et al. Preservation of hepatic branch of the vagus nerve reduces the risk of gallstone formation after gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer, 2021, 24(1): 232-244.
24.	Furukawa H, Ohashi M, Honda M, et al. Preservation of the celiac branch of the vagal nerve for pylorus-preserving gastrectomy: is it meaningful?. Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(3): 516-523.
25.	Fujita J, Takahashi M, Urushihara T, et al. Assessment of postoperative quality of life following pylorus-preserving gastrectomy and Billroth-Ⅰ distal gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients: results of the nationwide postgastrectomy syndrome assessment study. Gastric Cancer, 2016, 19(1): 302-311.
26.	Morita S, Katai H, Saka M, et al. Outcome of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Br J Surg, 2008, 95(9): 1131-1135.
27.	Jiang X, Hiki N, Nunobe S, et al. Postoperative outcomes and complications after laparoscopy-assisted pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 2011, 253(5): 928-933.
28.	Park DJ, Kim YW, Yang HK, et al. Short-term outcomes of a multicentre randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic pylorus-preserving gastrectomy with laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer (the KLASS-04 trial). Br J Surg, 2021, 108(9): 1043-1049.
29.	Hiki N, Sano T, Fukunaga T, et al. Survival benefit of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy in early gastric cancer. J Am Coll Surg, 2009, 209(3): 297-301.
30.	Aizawa M, Honda M, Hiki N, et al. Oncological outcomes of function-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: a multicenter propensity score matched cohort analysis comparing pylorus-preserving gastrectomy versus conventional distal gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(4): 709-717.
31.	Shibata C, Shiiba KI, Funayama Y, et al. Outcomes after pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter trial. World J Surg, 2004, 28(9): 857-861.
32.	Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric Cancer, 2021, 24(1): 1-21.
33.	Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Kubota T, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients who underwent limited proximal gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer, 2014, 17(1): 141-145.
34.	Nishigori T, Okabe H, Tsunoda S, et al. Superiority of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with hand-sewn esophagogastrostomy over total gastrectomy in improving postoperative body weight loss and quality of life. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(9): 3664-3672.
35.	Xu Y, Tan Y, Wang Y, et al. Proximal versus total gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(19): e15663.
36.	Jung DH, Lee Y, Kim DW, et al. Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double tract reconstruction is superior to laparoscopic total gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(10): 3961-3969.
37.	Ushimaru Y, Fujiwara Y, Shishido Y, et al. Clinical outcomes of gastric cancer patients who underwent proximal or total gastrectomy: a propensity score-matched analysis. World J Surg, 2018, 42(5): 1477-1484.
38.	《近端胃切除消化道重建中国专家共识》编写委员会. 近端胃切除消化道重建中国专家共识(2020版). 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2020, 23(2): 101-108.
39.	Kuroda S, Choda Y, Otsuka S, et al. Multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the double-flap technique as antireflux esophagogastrostomy after proximal gastrectomy (rD-FLAP Study). Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2018, 3(1): 96-103.
40.	Yamashita Y, Yamamoto A, Tamamori Y, et al. Side overlap esophago-gastrostomy to prevent reflux after proximal gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(4): 728-735.
41.	上川康明, 小林達則, 上川聡他. 噴門側胃切除後の逆流防止を目指した新しい食道胃吻合法. 消化器外科, 2001, 24: 1053-1060.
42.	李子禹, 王胤奎, 李百隆, 等. 近端胃切除术后食管残胃“拱桥式”重建3例效果分析. 中华外科杂志, 2022, 60(3): 261-264.
43.	Yamashita Y, Tatsubayashi T, Okumura K, et al. Modified side overlap esophagogastrostomy after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy. Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2022, 6(4): 594-599.
44.	Tokunaga M, Ohyama S, Hiki N, et al. Endoscopic evaluation of reflux esophagitis after proximal gastrectomy: comparison between esophagogastric anastomosis and jejunal interposition. World J Surg, 2008, 32(7): 1473-1477.
45.	Katai H, Morita S, Saka M, et al. Long-term outcome after proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition for suspected early cancer in the upper third of the stomach. Br J Surg, 2010, 97(4): 558-562.
46.	Ohashi M, Morita S, Fukagawa T, et al. Functional advantages of proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition over total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy for early gastric cancer. World J Surg, 2015, 39(11): 2726-2733.
47.	Aburatani T, Kojima K, Otsuki S, et al. Double-tract reconstruction after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy using detachable ENDO-PSD. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(11): 4848-4856.
48.	Wang L, Xia Y, Jiang T, et al. Short-term surgical outcomes of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction versus laparoscopic total gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction: a matched-cohort study. J Surg Res, 2020, 246: 292-299.
49.	Park DJ, Han SU, Hyung WJ, et al. Effect of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction vs total gastrectomy on hemoglobin level and vitamin B12 supplementation in upper-third early gastric cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2023, 6(2): e2256004. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.56004.
50.	Wang Z, Dong ZY, Chen JQ, et al. Diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2012, 19(5): 1541-1550.
51.	An JY, Min JS, Hur H, et al. Laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery versus laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer: short-term outcomes of a multicentre randomized controlled trial (SENORITA). Br J Surg, 2020, 107(11): 1429-1439.
52.	Kim YW, Min JS, Yoon HM, et al. Laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery for stomach preservation in patients with early gastric cancer: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(21): 2342-2351.
53.	Nunobe S, Hiki N, Gotoda T, et al. Successful application of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) for a lateral-spreading mucosal gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer, 2012, 15(3): 338-342.
54.	Inoue H, Ikeda H, Hosoya T, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, and beyond: full-layer resection for gastric cancer with nonexposure technique (CLEAN-NET). Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2012, 21(1): 129-140.
55.	Okubo K, Arigami T, Matsushita D, et al. Evaluation of postoperative quality of life by PGSAS-45 following local gastrectomy based on the sentinel lymph node concept in early gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer, 2020, 23(4): 746-753.

1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249.
2. 王胤奎, 李子禹, 陕飞, 等. 我国早期胃癌的诊治现状—来自中国胃肠肿瘤外科联盟数据的启示. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2018, 21(2): 168-174.
3. Kim HH, Han SU, Kim MC, et al. Effect of laparoscopic distal gastrectomy vs open distal gastrectomy on long-term survival among patients with stage Ⅰ gastric cancer: the KLASS-01 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol, 2019, 5(4): 506-513.
4. 中华医学会外科学分会胃肠学组, 中国医师协会外科医师分会肿瘤外科学组, 中国医师学会外科医师分会上消化道学组, 等. 中国胃癌保功能手术外科专家共识(2021版). 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2021, 24(5): 377-382.
5. Nissen R. Preservation of the pyloric antrum in resection of high gastric lesions. J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y, 1951, 17(6): 442-449.
6. Ohwada S, Nakamura S, Ogawa T, et al. Segmental gastrectomy for early cancer in the mid-stomach. Hepatogastroenterology, 1999, 46(26): 1229-1233.
7. Shinohara T, Ohyama S, Muto T, et al. Clinical outcome of high segmental gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach. Br J Surg, 2006, 93(8): 975-980.
8. Molfino S, Ballarini Z, Gheza F, et al. Is there a role for treatment-oriented surgery in stage Ⅳ gastric cancer? A systematic review. Updates Surg, 2019, 71(1): 21-27.
9. Takeuchi H, Kitagawa Y. New sentinel node mapping technologies for early gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(2): 522-532.
10. Kitagawa Y, Takeuchi H, Takagi Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping for gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter trial in Japan. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(29): 3704-3710.
11. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2010 (ver. 3). Gastric Cancer, 2011, 14(2): 113-123.
12. 中华医学会外科学分会胃肠外科学组. 保留幽门胃切除手术专家共识及操作指南(2019版). 中国实用外科杂志, 2019, 39(5): 412-418.
13. Hasuike N, Ono H, Boku N, et al. A non-randomized confirmatory trial of an expanded indication for endoscopic submucosal dissection for intestinal-type gastric cancer (cT1a): the Japan Clinical Oncology Group study (JCOG0607). Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(1): 114-123.
14. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2021 (6th edition). Gastric Cancer, 2023, 26(1): 1-25.
15. Mizuno A, Shinohara H, Haruta S, et al. Lymphadenectomy along the infrapyloric artery may be dispensable when performing pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early middle-third gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(3): 543-547.
16. Khalayleh H, Kim YW, Yoon HM, et al. Assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with gastric cancer to identify those suitable for middle segmental gastrectomy. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(3): e211840.
17. Kosuga T, Tsujiura M, Nakashima S, et al. Current status of function-preserving gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2021, 5(3): 278-286.
18. Suh YS, Han DS, Kong SH, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted pylorus-preserving gastrectomy is better than laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for middle-third early gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 2014, 259(3): 485-493.
19. Tsujiura M, Hiki N, Ohashi M, et al. Excellent long-term prognosis and favorable postoperative nutritional status after laparoscopic pylorus-preserving gastrectomy. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017, 24(8): 2233-2240.
20. Namikawa T, Hiki N, Kinami S, et al. Factors that minimize postgastrectomy symptoms following pylorus-preserving gastrectomy: assessment using a newly developed scale (PGSAS-45). Gastric Cancer, 2015, 18(2): 397-406.
21. Mao X, Xu X, Zhu H, et al. A comparison between pylorus-preserving and distal gastrectomy in surgical safety and functional benefit with gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2020, 18(1): 160.
22. Hosoda K, Yamashita K, Katada N, et al. Potential benefits of laparoscopy-assisted proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy for cT1 upper-third gastric cancer. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(8): 3426-3436.
23. Wang CJ, Kong SH, Park JH, et al. Preservation of hepatic branch of the vagus nerve reduces the risk of gallstone formation after gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer, 2021, 24(1): 232-244.
24. Furukawa H, Ohashi M, Honda M, et al. Preservation of the celiac branch of the vagal nerve for pylorus-preserving gastrectomy: is it meaningful?. Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(3): 516-523.
25. Fujita J, Takahashi M, Urushihara T, et al. Assessment of postoperative quality of life following pylorus-preserving gastrectomy and Billroth-Ⅰ distal gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients: results of the nationwide postgastrectomy syndrome assessment study. Gastric Cancer, 2016, 19(1): 302-311.
26. Morita S, Katai H, Saka M, et al. Outcome of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Br J Surg, 2008, 95(9): 1131-1135.
27. Jiang X, Hiki N, Nunobe S, et al. Postoperative outcomes and complications after laparoscopy-assisted pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 2011, 253(5): 928-933.
28. Park DJ, Kim YW, Yang HK, et al. Short-term outcomes of a multicentre randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic pylorus-preserving gastrectomy with laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer (the KLASS-04 trial). Br J Surg, 2021, 108(9): 1043-1049.
29. Hiki N, Sano T, Fukunaga T, et al. Survival benefit of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy in early gastric cancer. J Am Coll Surg, 2009, 209(3): 297-301.
30. Aizawa M, Honda M, Hiki N, et al. Oncological outcomes of function-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: a multicenter propensity score matched cohort analysis comparing pylorus-preserving gastrectomy versus conventional distal gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(4): 709-717.
31. Shibata C, Shiiba KI, Funayama Y, et al. Outcomes after pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter trial. World J Surg, 2004, 28(9): 857-861.
32. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric Cancer, 2021, 24(1): 1-21.
33. Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Kubota T, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients who underwent limited proximal gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer, 2014, 17(1): 141-145.
34. Nishigori T, Okabe H, Tsunoda S, et al. Superiority of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with hand-sewn esophagogastrostomy over total gastrectomy in improving postoperative body weight loss and quality of life. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(9): 3664-3672.
35. Xu Y, Tan Y, Wang Y, et al. Proximal versus total gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(19): e15663.
36. Jung DH, Lee Y, Kim DW, et al. Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double tract reconstruction is superior to laparoscopic total gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(10): 3961-3969.
37. Ushimaru Y, Fujiwara Y, Shishido Y, et al. Clinical outcomes of gastric cancer patients who underwent proximal or total gastrectomy: a propensity score-matched analysis. World J Surg, 2018, 42(5): 1477-1484.
38. 《近端胃切除消化道重建中国专家共识》编写委员会. 近端胃切除消化道重建中国专家共识(2020版). 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2020, 23(2): 101-108.
39. Kuroda S, Choda Y, Otsuka S, et al. Multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the double-flap technique as antireflux esophagogastrostomy after proximal gastrectomy (rD-FLAP Study). Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2018, 3(1): 96-103.
40. Yamashita Y, Yamamoto A, Tamamori Y, et al. Side overlap esophago-gastrostomy to prevent reflux after proximal gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(4): 728-735.
41. 上川康明, 小林達則, 上川聡他. 噴門側胃切除後の逆流防止を目指した新しい食道胃吻合法. 消化器外科, 2001, 24: 1053-1060.
42. 李子禹, 王胤奎, 李百隆, 等. 近端胃切除术后食管残胃“拱桥式”重建3例效果分析. 中华外科杂志, 2022, 60(3): 261-264.
43. Yamashita Y, Tatsubayashi T, Okumura K, et al. Modified side overlap esophagogastrostomy after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy. Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2022, 6(4): 594-599.
44. Tokunaga M, Ohyama S, Hiki N, et al. Endoscopic evaluation of reflux esophagitis after proximal gastrectomy: comparison between esophagogastric anastomosis and jejunal interposition. World J Surg, 2008, 32(7): 1473-1477.
45. Katai H, Morita S, Saka M, et al. Long-term outcome after proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition for suspected early cancer in the upper third of the stomach. Br J Surg, 2010, 97(4): 558-562.
46. Ohashi M, Morita S, Fukagawa T, et al. Functional advantages of proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition over total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy for early gastric cancer. World J Surg, 2015, 39(11): 2726-2733.
47. Aburatani T, Kojima K, Otsuki S, et al. Double-tract reconstruction after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy using detachable ENDO-PSD. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(11): 4848-4856.
48. Wang L, Xia Y, Jiang T, et al. Short-term surgical outcomes of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction versus laparoscopic total gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction: a matched-cohort study. J Surg Res, 2020, 246: 292-299.
49. Park DJ, Han SU, Hyung WJ, et al. Effect of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction vs total gastrectomy on hemoglobin level and vitamin B12 supplementation in upper-third early gastric cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2023, 6(2): e2256004. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.56004.
50. Wang Z, Dong ZY, Chen JQ, et al. Diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2012, 19(5): 1541-1550.
51. An JY, Min JS, Hur H, et al. Laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery versus laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer: short-term outcomes of a multicentre randomized controlled trial (SENORITA). Br J Surg, 2020, 107(11): 1429-1439.
52. Kim YW, Min JS, Yoon HM, et al. Laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery for stomach preservation in patients with early gastric cancer: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(21): 2342-2351.
53. Nunobe S, Hiki N, Gotoda T, et al. Successful application of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) for a lateral-spreading mucosal gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer, 2012, 15(3): 338-342.
54. Inoue H, Ikeda H, Hosoya T, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, and beyond: full-layer resection for gastric cancer with nonexposure technique (CLEAN-NET). Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2012, 21(1): 129-140.
55. Okubo K, Arigami T, Matsushita D, et al. Evaluation of postoperative quality of life by PGSAS-45 following local gastrectomy based on the sentinel lymph node concept in early gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer, 2020, 23(4): 746-753.

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