Definition of Evidence and Evidence-based Paradigm in Health Research_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

CHEN Yaolong ¹ , WANG Mengshu ² , LI Xiao ² , LI Youping ¹

1. Division of Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;2. West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Health research; Evidence; Evidence-based paradigm

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20080229

Video：

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With the rapid development of evidence-based medicine during the past two decades, evidence and
evidence-based methods were not only used in the field of health care, but also applied to other non-medical fields. A
systematic literature search and a comparative study were conducted to investigate the definition of evidence. We also put
forward our own definition of evidence: Evidence is the information from the systematic review process. We also discussed
the development of evidence-based paradigm and hope this will act as a reference for other subjects and industries.

Citation： CHEN Yaolong,WANG Mengshu,LI Xiao,LI Youping. Definition of Evidence and Evidence-based Paradigm in Health Research. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2008, 08(12): 1034-1038. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20080229 Copy

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3.	Goodman NW. Who will challenge evidence-based medicine? J R Coll Physicians Lond, 1999, 33(3): 249-251.
4.	Couto JS. Evidence-based medicine: a Kuhnian perspective of a transvestite non-theory. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 1998, 4(4): 267-275.
5.	Straus SE, McAlister FA. Evidence-based medicine: a commentary on common criticisms. CMAJ, 2000, 163(7): 837-841.
6.	Straus S, Haynes B, Glasziou P, et al. Misunderstandings, misperceptions, and mistakes. ACP J Club, 2007, 146(1): A8-9.
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12.	宋英巨. 排除逻辑矛盾, 客观定义证据概念. 辽宁师专学报(社会科学版), 2006, 48(6): 136-137.
13.	夏斌. 证据概念的重构. 重庆邮电学院学报(社会科学版). 2004, 16(5): 159-160.
14.	吴晓明, 李金升. 证据概念之探析. 宜宾学院学报, 2007, 7(2): 60-63.
15.	Lester F, Wiliam D. The Evidential Basis for Knowledge Claims in Mathematics Education Research. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 2000, 31(2): 132-137.
16.	李立明, 吕筠. 关注循证公共卫生决策. 中华流行病学杂志, 2006, 27(1): 1-4.
17.	Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, et al. Evidence based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Churchill Livingstone; New York. 2 edition. 2000: 1-2.
18.	Higgs J, Jones M. Will evidence-based practice take the reasoning out of practice? In Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professionals, 2nd edn. Butterworth Heineman, Oxford, 2000, 307-315.
19.	Zarkovich E, Upshur RE. The virtues of evidence. Theor Med Bioeth, 2002, 23(4-5): 403-412.
20.	Jo RM, Kate S, Angie T, et al. What counts as evidence in evidencebased practice? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2004, 47(1): 81-90.
21.	[2008-11-01]. http://www.chsrf.ca/other_documents/evidence_e. php.
22.	Guyatt G, Rennie D, Meade M, et al. Users’ Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice. 2 edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. 2008. 10.
23.	Petticrew M. Systematic reviews from astronomy to zoology: myths and misconceptions. BMJ, 2001, 322(7278): 98-101.
24.	方积乾, 陆盈, 主编. 现代医学统计学. 人民卫生出版社. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2002. 2-3.
25.	施泰. 法尔. 统计与预测, 2003, (1): 53-54.
26.	李颖科.考据学渊源考辨. 人文杂志, 1987, (5): 86-92.
27.	邓秀忠. 考证学对中国古代科学技术发展的积极作用. 福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 1990, (2): 121-123+108。.
28.	史丽君. 浅析《四库全书总目》对典籍版本的考证——以史部提要为中心. 图书与情报2005, (5): 96-99+103.
29.	郭康松. 论清代考据学的学术规范. 清史研究, 1999, (3), 65-69.
30.	Eddy DM. Practice Policies: Where Do They Come From? JAMA, 1990, 263(9): 1265-1275.
31.	Guyatt GH. Evidence-based medicine. ACP Journal Club, 1991, 114(1): A-16.
32.	Allen C, Clarke M. Cochrane系统评价小组的全球合作及中国的突出贡献. 中国循证医学杂志, 2006, 6(8): 541-549.
33.	Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, et al. Evidence-based medicine：How to practice and teach EBM. Edinbrugh: Churchill Livingstone, 1 edition.1997.
34.	Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.Evidence-based health care: a new approach to teaching the practice of health care. J Dent Educ, 1994, 58(8): 648-653.
35.	Gray M. Evidence-based Health Care. How to make health policy and management decisions. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1 edition. 1997.
36.	万学红, 张晓兰. 医学教育的循证研究. 中国循证医学杂志, 2006, 6(5): 318-320.
37.	李幼平, 王莉, 文进, 等. 注重证据, 循证决策. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(1): 1-3.
38.	Cookson R. Evidence-based policy making in health care: what it is and what it isn’t. J Health Serv Res Policy, 2005, 10(2): 118-121.
39.	陈耀龙, 艾昌林, 李幼平. "循证"冠名的医学期刊比较研究. 中国循证医学杂志, 2007, 7(4): 289-295.
40.	[2008-11-01]. http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/.
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45.	T．S．库恩, 著. 李宝恒, 纪树立, 译. 科学革命的结构. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1980: iiii.
46.	Sehon SR, Stanley DE. A philosophical analysis of the evidencebased medicine debate. BMC Health Serv Res, 2003, 3(1): 14.
47.	Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine: A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA, 1992, 268 (17): 2420-2425.
48.	Chalmers I, Haynes B. Systematic Reviews: Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care. BMJ, 1994, 309(6958): 862.
49.	Mulrow CD. The medical review article: state of the science. Ann Intern Med, 1987, 106(3): 485-488.
50.	Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. Guidelines for reading literature reviews. CMAJ, 1988, 138(8): 697-703.
51.	Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, et al. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club, 1995, 123(3): A12–13.
52.	吴泰相, 李幼平, 商洪才, 等. 提高我国卫生研究能力的策略. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(8): 625-628.
53.	Clarke M. Doing new research? Don’t forget the old. PLoS Med, 2004, 1(2): e35.
54.	怀特, 著. 弥合裂痕, 流行病学、医学和公众的卫生. 张孔来, 王若涛, 李辉, 等译. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995. 246-293.
55.	Clarke M. The Cochrane Collaboration and the Cochrane Library. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2007, 137(4 Suppl): S52-54.
56.	Davies P, Boruch R. The Campbell Collaboration. Does for public policy what Cochrane does for health. BMJ, 2001, 323(7308): 294-295.
57.	[2008-11-01]. http://www.who.int/ictrp/.
58.	[2008-11-01]. http://www.equator-network.org.
59.	杜亮, 陈耀龙, 陈敏, 等. 从CONSORT到GPP：医学研究报告规范简介. 编辑学报, 2008, 20(4): 367-370.
60.	Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, 等. 卫生保健项目经济学评估方法. 第3版. 李士雪, 主译.北京:人民卫生出版社. 2008. 320.
61.	陈耀龙, 李幼平, 杜亮, 等. 医学研究中证据分级和推荐强度的演进. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(2): 127-133.
62.	Guyatt G. 循证医学: 过去、现在和未来(一). 中国循证医学杂志, 2003, 3(4): 264-266.
63.	Open access in medical publishing: trends and countertrends. Can Med Assoc J, 2005, 172(2): 149, 151.
64.	Eddy D. Evidence-based medicine: a unified approach. Health Affairs, 2005, 24(1): 9-17.
65.	张鸣明, 李幼平, 段玉蓉, 等. 抓住机遇, 共迎全球化证据时代的到来. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(11): 941-942.

1. Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, et al. Evidence based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Churchill Livingstone; New York. 2 edition. 2000. 1.
2. Buetow S, Kenealy T. Evidence-based medicine: the need for a new definition. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 2000, 6(2): 85-92.
3. Goodman NW. Who will challenge evidence-based medicine? J R Coll Physicians Lond, 1999, 33(3): 249-251.
4. Couto JS. Evidence-based medicine: a Kuhnian perspective of a transvestite non-theory. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 1998, 4(4): 267-275.
5. Straus SE, McAlister FA. Evidence-based medicine: a commentary on common criticisms. CMAJ, 2000, 163(7): 837-841.
6. Straus S, Haynes B, Glasziou P, et al. Misunderstandings, misperceptions, and mistakes. ACP J Club, 2007, 146(1): A8-9.
7. Stein ND. Misunderstandings, misperceptions, and mistakes. ACP J Club, 2007, 146(2): A11.
8. 《古代汉语词典》编写组. 古代汉语词典. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2007. 2016.
9. 《古代汉语词典》编写组. 古代汉语词典. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2007. 840.
10. 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室. 现代汉语词典. 北京: 商务印书馆, 第5版, 2005. 1741.
11. [2008-11-01] . ht tp: / /www.askoxford.com/conci se_oed/evidence?view=uk.
12. 宋英巨. 排除逻辑矛盾, 客观定义证据概念. 辽宁师专学报(社会科学版), 2006, 48(6): 136-137.
13. 夏斌. 证据概念的重构. 重庆邮电学院学报(社会科学版). 2004, 16(5): 159-160.
14. 吴晓明, 李金升. 证据概念之探析. 宜宾学院学报, 2007, 7(2): 60-63.
15. Lester F, Wiliam D. The Evidential Basis for Knowledge Claims in Mathematics Education Research. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 2000, 31(2): 132-137.
16. 李立明, 吕筠. 关注循证公共卫生决策. 中华流行病学杂志, 2006, 27(1): 1-4.
17. Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, et al. Evidence based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Churchill Livingstone; New York. 2 edition. 2000: 1-2.
18. Higgs J, Jones M. Will evidence-based practice take the reasoning out of practice? In Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professionals, 2nd edn. Butterworth Heineman, Oxford, 2000, 307-315.
19. Zarkovich E, Upshur RE. The virtues of evidence. Theor Med Bioeth, 2002, 23(4-5): 403-412.
20. Jo RM, Kate S, Angie T, et al. What counts as evidence in evidencebased practice? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2004, 47(1): 81-90.
21. [2008-11-01]. http://www.chsrf.ca/other_documents/evidence_e. php.
22. Guyatt G, Rennie D, Meade M, et al. Users’ Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice. 2 edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. 2008. 10.
23. Petticrew M. Systematic reviews from astronomy to zoology: myths and misconceptions. BMJ, 2001, 322(7278): 98-101.
24. 方积乾, 陆盈, 主编. 现代医学统计学. 人民卫生出版社. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2002. 2-3.
25. 施泰. 法尔. 统计与预测, 2003, (1): 53-54.
26. 李颖科.考据学渊源考辨. 人文杂志, 1987, (5): 86-92.
27. 邓秀忠. 考证学对中国古代科学技术发展的积极作用. 福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 1990, (2): 121-123+108。.
28. 史丽君. 浅析《四库全书总目》对典籍版本的考证——以史部提要为中心. 图书与情报2005, (5): 96-99+103.
29. 郭康松. 论清代考据学的学术规范. 清史研究, 1999, (3), 65-69.
30. Eddy DM. Practice Policies: Where Do They Come From? JAMA, 1990, 263(9): 1265-1275.
31. Guyatt GH. Evidence-based medicine. ACP Journal Club, 1991, 114(1): A-16.
32. Allen C, Clarke M. Cochrane系统评价小组的全球合作及中国的突出贡献. 中国循证医学杂志, 2006, 6(8): 541-549.
33. Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, et al. Evidence-based medicine：How to practice and teach EBM. Edinbrugh: Churchill Livingstone, 1 edition.1997.
34. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.Evidence-based health care: a new approach to teaching the practice of health care. J Dent Educ, 1994, 58(8): 648-653.
35. Gray M. Evidence-based Health Care. How to make health policy and management decisions. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1 edition. 1997.
36. 万学红, 张晓兰. 医学教育的循证研究. 中国循证医学杂志, 2006, 6(5): 318-320.
37. 李幼平, 王莉, 文进, 等. 注重证据, 循证决策. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(1): 1-3.
38. Cookson R. Evidence-based policy making in health care: what it is and what it isn’t. J Health Serv Res Policy, 2005, 10(2): 118-121.
39. 陈耀龙, 艾昌林, 李幼平. "循证"冠名的医学期刊比较研究. 中国循证医学杂志, 2007, 7(4): 289-295.
40. [2008-11-01]. http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/.
41. [2008-11-01]. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/index.jsp.
42. [2008-11-01]. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/ mrwhome/106568753/HOME.
43. [2008-11-01]. http://www.essentialevidenceplus.com/index.cfm.
44. [2008-11-01]. www.uptodate.com.
45. T．S．库恩, 著. 李宝恒, 纪树立, 译. 科学革命的结构. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1980: iiii.
46. Sehon SR, Stanley DE. A philosophical analysis of the evidencebased medicine debate. BMC Health Serv Res, 2003, 3(1): 14.
47. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine: A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA, 1992, 268 (17): 2420-2425.
48. Chalmers I, Haynes B. Systematic Reviews: Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care. BMJ, 1994, 309(6958): 862.
49. Mulrow CD. The medical review article: state of the science. Ann Intern Med, 1987, 106(3): 485-488.
50. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. Guidelines for reading literature reviews. CMAJ, 1988, 138(8): 697-703.
51. Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, et al. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club, 1995, 123(3): A12–13.
52. 吴泰相, 李幼平, 商洪才, 等. 提高我国卫生研究能力的策略. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(8): 625-628.
53. Clarke M. Doing new research? Don’t forget the old. PLoS Med, 2004, 1(2): e35.
54. 怀特, 著. 弥合裂痕, 流行病学、医学和公众的卫生. 张孔来, 王若涛, 李辉, 等译. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995. 246-293.
55. Clarke M. The Cochrane Collaboration and the Cochrane Library. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2007, 137(4 Suppl): S52-54.
56. Davies P, Boruch R. The Campbell Collaboration. Does for public policy what Cochrane does for health. BMJ, 2001, 323(7308): 294-295.
57. [2008-11-01]. http://www.who.int/ictrp/.
58. [2008-11-01]. http://www.equator-network.org.
59. 杜亮, 陈耀龙, 陈敏, 等. 从CONSORT到GPP：医学研究报告规范简介. 编辑学报, 2008, 20(4): 367-370.
60. Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, 等. 卫生保健项目经济学评估方法. 第3版. 李士雪, 主译.北京:人民卫生出版社. 2008. 320.
61. 陈耀龙, 李幼平, 杜亮, 等. 医学研究中证据分级和推荐强度的演进. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(2): 127-133.
62. Guyatt G. 循证医学: 过去、现在和未来(一). 中国循证医学杂志, 2003, 3(4): 264-266.
63. Open access in medical publishing: trends and countertrends. Can Med Assoc J, 2005, 172(2): 149, 151.
64. Eddy D. Evidence-based medicine: a unified approach. Health Affairs, 2005, 24(1): 9-17.
65. 张鸣明, 李幼平, 段玉蓉, 等. 抓住机遇, 共迎全球化证据时代的到来. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(11): 941-942.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Definition of Evidence and Evidence-based Paradigm in Health Research

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