SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 5: Using research evidence to frame options to address a problem*_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

John N Lavis , Michael G Wilson , Andrew D Oxman , Jeremy Grimshaw , Simon Lewin , Atle Fretheim

1. Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University;? 2. Health Research Methodology PhD Program and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics;?3. Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services;?4. Clinical Epidemiology Program;?5. Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Medical Research Council of South Africa;?6. Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, University of Oslo;

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DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20100397

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决策者及其决策支持者可能会面临以下三种情况中的一种或多种，均需要他们评估拟订方案的成本和效果。这三种情况如下：① 当做出决策后，决策者及其决策支持者需考虑如何使该方案的获益最大化、危害最小化、资金使用最优化。如果方案可能需要的成本及产生的效果都存在很大不确定性时，还需制定监测和评估计划；②决策过程中，决策者及其决策支持者需要对提交上来的方案进行评估；③ 决策尚未做出前，决策者及其决策支持者需开展确定方案、分析方案不同的成本和效果、寻找实施方案的最佳时机。上述情况下，研究证据，特别是有关利弊评估及成本分析方面的证据可帮助决策者及其决策支持者了解方案的可行性。本文将列出以下6 个问题供那些为解决最优问题和评估项目成本和效果而需要理清政策和项目方案的人参考：① 是否已有一套解决问题的合理方案？② 哪些获益对受方案影响者重要；每种方案将会产生哪些获益？③ 哪些方案会严重影响受方案影响者；各种方案将产生哪些危害？④ 每种方案的当地成本是多少；是否有各种方案成本效果研究的当地证据？⑤ 执行任何一项“拿来方案”时应做出哪些相应的调整，其是否会改变方案的获益、危害和成本？⑥ 哪些利益相关者的哪些意见和经验可能影响方案的可接受性以及方案获益、危害和成本？

Citation： John N Lavis,Michael G Wilson,Andrew D Oxman,Jeremy Grimshaw,Simon Lewin,Atle Fretheim. SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 5: Using research evidence to frame options to address a problem*. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2010, 10(3): 269-275. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20100397 Copy

1.	Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Lewin S, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidenceinformed health Policymaking (STP). Introduction. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): I1.
2.	Lavis JN, Wilson MG, Oxman AD, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP). 4. Using research evidence to clarify a problem. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S4.
3.	Fretheim A, Munabi-Babigumira S, Oxman AD, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP). 6. Using research evidence to address how an option will be implemented. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S6.
4.	Fretheim A, Oxman AD, Lavis JN, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence- informed health Policymaking (STP). 18. Planning monitoring and evaluation of policies. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S18.
5.	Kingdon JW: Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies 2nd edition. New York: Longman; 2003.
6.	Lavis JN, Davies HTO, Oxman A, et al. Towards systematic reviews that inform healthcare management and policymaking. J Health Serv Res Policy, 2005, 10: 35-48.
7.	Wagner EH, Austin BT, Von Korff M. Organizing care for patients with chronic illness. Milbank Q, 1996, 74: 511-544.
8.	Chopra M, Munro S, Lavis JN, et al. Effects of policy options for human resources for health: an analysis of systematic reviews. Lancet, 2008, 371: 668-674.
9.	Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Grimshaw J, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence- informed health Policymaking (STP). 7. Finding systematic reviews. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S7.
10.	Oxman AD, Fretheim A, Schuneman HJ. Improving the Use of Research Evidence in Guideline Development: 7. Deciding what evidence to include. Health Res Policy Syst, 2006, 4: 19.
11.	Lewin S, Oxman AD, Lavis JN, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidenceinformed health Policymaking (STP). 11. Finding and using research evidence about local conditions. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S11.
12.	Oxman AD, Fretheim A, Lavis JN, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence- informed health Policymaking (STP). 12. Finding and using research evidence about resource use and costs. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S12.
13.	World Health Organization (WHO): Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria Geneva, World Health Organization; 2006.
14.	Lewin SA, Dick J, Pond P, et al. Lay health workers in primary and community health care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005, 1: CD004015.
15.	Goodman C, Brieger W, Unwin A, et al. Medicine sellers and malaria treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: what do they do and how can their practice be improved? Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2007, 77(6 Suppl203-18 [http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/77/6_Suppl/203].
16.	Lewin S, Oxman AD, Lavis JN, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidenceinformed health Policymaking (STP). 8. Deciding how much confidence to place in a systematic review. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S8.
17.	Oxman AD, Lavis JN, Fretheim A, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP). 16. Using research evidence in balancing the pros and cons of policies. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S16.
18.	Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Souza NM, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence- informed health Policymaking (STP). 9. Assessing the applicability of the findings of a systematic review. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S10.
19.	Oxman AD, Lavis JN, Lewin S, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidenceinformed health Policymaking (STP). 10. Taking equity into consideration when assessing the findings of a systematic review. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S10.

1. Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Lewin S, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidenceinformed health Policymaking (STP). Introduction. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): I1.
2. Lavis JN, Wilson MG, Oxman AD, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP). 4. Using research evidence to clarify a problem. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S4.
3. Fretheim A, Munabi-Babigumira S, Oxman AD, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP). 6. Using research evidence to address how an option will be implemented. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S6.
4. Fretheim A, Oxman AD, Lavis JN, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence- informed health Policymaking (STP). 18. Planning monitoring and evaluation of policies. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S18.
5. Kingdon JW: Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies 2nd edition. New York: Longman; 2003.
6. Lavis JN, Davies HTO, Oxman A, et al. Towards systematic reviews that inform healthcare management and policymaking. J Health Serv Res Policy, 2005, 10: 35-48.
7. Wagner EH, Austin BT, Von Korff M. Organizing care for patients with chronic illness. Milbank Q, 1996, 74: 511-544.
8. Chopra M, Munro S, Lavis JN, et al. Effects of policy options for human resources for health: an analysis of systematic reviews. Lancet, 2008, 371: 668-674.
9. Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Grimshaw J, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence- informed health Policymaking (STP). 7. Finding systematic reviews. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S7.
10. Oxman AD, Fretheim A, Schuneman HJ. Improving the Use of Research Evidence in Guideline Development: 7. Deciding what evidence to include. Health Res Policy Syst, 2006, 4: 19.
11. Lewin S, Oxman AD, Lavis JN, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidenceinformed health Policymaking (STP). 11. Finding and using research evidence about local conditions. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S11.
12. Oxman AD, Fretheim A, Lavis JN, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence- informed health Policymaking (STP). 12. Finding and using research evidence about resource use and costs. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S12.
13. World Health Organization (WHO): Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria Geneva, World Health Organization; 2006.
14. Lewin SA, Dick J, Pond P, et al. Lay health workers in primary and community health care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005, 1: CD004015.
15. Goodman C, Brieger W, Unwin A, et al. Medicine sellers and malaria treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: what do they do and how can their practice be improved? Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2007, 77(6 Suppl203-18 [http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/77/6_Suppl/203].
16. Lewin S, Oxman AD, Lavis JN, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidenceinformed health Policymaking (STP). 8. Deciding how much confidence to place in a systematic review. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S8.
17. Oxman AD, Lavis JN, Fretheim A, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP). 16. Using research evidence in balancing the pros and cons of policies. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S16.
18. Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Souza NM, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidence- informed health Policymaking (STP). 9. Assessing the applicability of the findings of a systematic review. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S10.
19. Oxman AD, Lavis JN, Lewin S, et al. SUPPORT Tools for evidenceinformed health Policymaking (STP). 10. Taking equity into consideration when assessing the findings of a systematic review. Health Res Policy Syst, 2009, 7(Suppl 1): S10.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 5: Using research evidence to frame options to address a problem*

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