Emergency Medical Rescue after Major Earthquakes: Lessons from the Wenchuan Earthquake△_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

 CHEN Zhu ¹ , SHEN Ji ² , KANG Junxing ³ , SHI Yingkang ⁴ , LI Youping ⁵ , LI Yuanfeng ⁶ , SU Lin ² , WU Jianlin ³ , ZHENG Shangwei ⁴ , JIANG Jie ⁵ , HU Weijian ⁶ , YANG Yong ² , TANG Xuefeng ³ , WEN Jin ⁵ , LI Ling ⁵ , SHEN Jiantong ⁵ , ZHONG Dake ⁵

1. Ministry of Health, Beijing 100044, China;2. Health Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610021, China;3. Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China;4. West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;5. Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China6. Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Zhu, Email: lixiang@moh.gov.cn

Keywords：

Wenchuan earthquake; Medical rescue

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20120063

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

We systematically and retrospectively analyzed the experience and lessons from the command system, medical rescue force deployment, medical treatment, public health response for infectious disease control, and health counterpart assistance for emergency medical rescue after the 2008 earthquake in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, China. We propose that emergency medical rescue after tremendous catastrophes in China link responses at the national, provincial, city, and county levels, to set up an effective and cooperative medical relief forces coordination system and an effective triage system and rehabilitation plan. In addition, infectious disease control should be planned and assessed more quickly, and developing vital functions of pairing-assistance as a means with Chinese characteristic. Our aim is to provide a useful reference for medical rescue after natural catastrophes worldwide, especially after earthquakes.

Citation： CHEN Zhu,SHEN Ji,KANG Junxing,SHI Yingkang,LI Youping,LI Yuanfeng,SU Lin,WU Jianlin,ZHENG Shangwei,JIANG Jie,HU Weijian,YANG Yong,TANG Xuefeng,WEN Jin,LI Ling,SHEN Jiantong,ZHONG Dake. Emergency Medical Rescue after Major Earthquakes: Lessons from the Wenchuan Earthquake△. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2012, 12(4): 383-392. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20120063 Copy

1.	Noji EK. The public health consequences of disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med, 2000, 15(4): 147-157.
2.	Tanaka H, Oda J, Iwai A, et al. Morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Am J Emerg Med, 1999, 17(2): 186-191.
3.	Li YP, Wen J, Du L, et al. A comparative study on earthquake-related Literature published in medical journals. J Evid Based Med, 2009, 2(4): 252-257.
4.	林均岐. 2004年12月26日印度尼西亚地震海啸灾害考察. 地震工程与工程振动, 2005, 25(2): 30-33.
5.	Han Q, Chen L, Evans T, et al. China and global health. Lancet, 2008, 372(9648): 1439-1441.
6.	胡世全. 重大自然灾害中的“信息孤岛”现象研究——以5·12四川汶川特大地震为例. 南昌高专学报, 2008, 5: 163-165.
7.	民政部, 国家发展改革委, 财政部, 国土资源部, 中国地震局. 关于印发汶川地震灾害范围评估结果的通知. 民发〔2008〕105号. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-07/22/content_1053017.htm.
8.	Edwards CL. Emergency response and recovery after the May 12, Wenchuan earthquake. Proceedings of the 2009 ASCE Technical Council on Earthquake Engineering, 2009, 357: 1-7.
9.	苗崇刚, 聂高众. 地震应急指挥模式探讨. 自然灾害学报, 2004, 13(5): 48-54.
10.	谷运麒. “汶川大地震”紧急医疗救援的组织管理. 中国急救复苏与灾害医学杂志, 2008, 3(6): 334-335.
11.	四川省卫生厅. 四川省抗震救灾指挥部医疗保障组文件汇编.
12.	姜洁, 李幼平, 邓绍林, 等. 玉树汶川震后3月医疗救援比较研究. 中国循证医学杂志, 2010, 10(7): 784-790.
13.	四川省卫生厅. 抗震救灾医疗卫生救援工作专报.
14.	卫生部医疗防疫志编纂委员会. 汶川特大地震抗震救灾志医疗防疫志.
15.	张雁灵. 汶川特大地震医学救援行动及战略思考. 解放军医学杂志, 2009, 34(1): 1-6.
16.	Auerbach PS, Norris RL, Menon AS, et al. Civil-military collaboration in the initial medical response to the earthquake in Haiti. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(10): e32.
17.	Cranmer HH. Hurricane Katrina. Volunteer work--logistics first. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(15): 1541-1544.
18.	沈骥, 苏林, 李冰, 等. 汶川地震四川省卫生应急救援成效分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2009, 9(3): 301-306.
19.	姚元章, 张连阳, 程晓斌, 等. 汶川地震伤员伤情特点及救治分析. 中华创伤杂志, 2008, 24(10): 852-854.
20.	代小舟, 沈骥, 赵万华, 等. 汶川大地震四川省医疗救治阶段工作纪实. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(10): 797-802.
21.	胡卫建, 赵万华, 李元峰, 等. 汶川地震伤员的紧急医疗分级救治分析. 实用医院临床杂志, 2010, 7(1): 20-24.
22.	卢世璧. 汶川地震伤员救治分级处理的重要性. 解放军医学杂志, 2008, 33(8): 919-920.
23.	毕玉田, 蔺武军, 程晓斌. 四川汶川地震伤员救治中院内医疗资源的配置. 中国急救复苏与灾害医学杂志, 2009, 4(9): 679-681.
24.	吴梅祥, 钱东阳, 白波, 等. 汶川地震后方医院救治的患者病情特点及治疗对策. 中国医药导报, 2009, 6(16): 207-209.
25.	汶川特大地震灾害第三十八场新闻发布会. http://www.sc.gov.cn/jrsc/200808/t20080818_306986.shtml.
26.	Xie J, Du L, Xia T, et al. Analysis of 1856 inpatients and 33 deaths in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University from the Wenchuan earthquake. J Evid Based Med, 2008, 1(1): 20-26.
27.	Qiu J, Liu GD, Wang SX, et al. Analysis of injuries and treatment of 3,401 inpatients in 2008 Wenchuan earthquake--based on Chinese Trauma Databank. Chin J Traumatol, 2010, 13(5): 297-303.
28.	Roy N, Shah H, Patel V, Bagalkote H. Surgical and psychosocial outcomes in the rural injured--a follow-up study of the 2001 earthquake victims. Injury, 2005, 36(8): 927-934.
29.	曾宪敏, 王哓红, 徐健, 等. 四川什邡地震灾后截肢、脊髓损伤、颅脑损伤伤员康复状况调查. 中国康复医学杂志, 2010, 25(8): 771-773.
30.	吴先萍, 方刚, 唐雪峰, 等. 汶川地震灾后四川省的卫生防病工作（2008.5.12～8.12）. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(10): 803-809.
31.	陈根, 南克祎, 赵宗国, 等. “5·12”地震对甘肃灾区人群常见卫生习惯、腹泻和儿童肠道蠕虫感染的影响. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2010, 5(11): 附页4.
32.	朱鸿斌, 程娟, 赵大余, 等. 四川省“5·12”地震灾区饮用水卫生情况分析. 预防医学情报杂志, 2008, 24(11): 849-852.
33.	程芳芳, 董晓梅, 王声湧. 玉树地震应急管理对汶川经验的验证. 循证医学, 2010, 10(3): 157-162.
34.	王育兵, 马静. 汶川地震灾后疫病的特点与启示. 实用预防医学, 2010, 17(9): 1908-1910.
35.	李静, 李小麟, 王丹, 等. 汶川大地震受伤人员心理干预理论框架与初步实践. 华西医学, 2008, 23(4): 834-835.
36.	李小融, 卢雄灾后心理援助非政府组织的协调分析. 四川教育学院学报, 2008, 24(12): 1-3.
37.	国务院. 汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划. 2008-09-19.
38.	国务院办公厅. 汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案. 2008-06-11.
39.	国务院办公厅关于印发汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案的通知. 国办发[2008]353号. 2008-06-11.
40.	陈啸宏. 在汶川地震灾区医疗卫生恢复重建对口支援工作会上的讲话（2010.8.25）. 卫生政务通报, 第22期. 2010-09-10.
41.	Currier M, King DS, Wofford MR, et al. A Katrina experience: lessons learned. Am J Med, 2006, 119(11): 986-992.
42.	Nates JL, Moyer VA. Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, tsunamis, and other disasters. Lancet, 2005, 366(9492): 1144-1146.
43.	姜洁, 李幼平, 王觅也, 等. 玉树与汶川地震医疗救援比较研究. 中国循证医学杂志, 2010, 10(5): 550-554.
44.	Deng SL, Zheng SW, Shi YK. Applying lessons from China’s Wenchuan earthquake to medical rescue following the Yushu earthquake. J Evid-based Med, 2010, 3(2): 62-64.
45.	Tahir H, Iqbal Z. Do doctors who volunteer their services in disasters overseas do more harm than good? BMJ, 2006, 332: 244.
46.	Owens PJ, Forgione A Jr, Briggs S. Challenges of international disaster relief: use of a deployable rapid assembly shelter and surgical hospital. Disaster Manag Response, 2005, 3(1): 11-16.
47.	Roces MC, White ME, Dayrit MM, et al. Risk factors for injuries due to the 1990 earthquake in Luzon, Philippines. Bull World Health Organ, 1992, 70(4): 509-514.
48.	Schultz CH, Koenig KL, Noji EK. A medical disaster response to reduce immediate mortality after an earthquake. N Engl J Med, 1996, 334(7): 438-444.
49.	Pretto EA, Angus DC, Abrams JI, et al. An analysis of prehospital mortality in an earthquake. Disaster Reanimatology Study Group. Prehosp Disaster Med, 1994, 9(2): 107-117.
50.	Chan EY. The untold stories of the Sichuan earthquake. Lancet, 2008, 372(9636): 359-362.
51.	Lei BL, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, et al. Emergency response and medical rescue in the worst hit Mianyang areas after the Wenchuan earthquake. J Evid Based Med, 2008, 1(1): 27-36.
52.	姬军生. 地震批量伤员空运后送体系的构建. 解放军医院管理杂志, 2008, 15(10): 906-907.
53.	曾伟, 鹿茸, 魏咏兰, 等. 灾害及灾后公共卫生服务的社会评估. 现代预防医学, 2010, 37(9): 1679-1681.
54.	倪锋, 张悦, 于彤舟. 汶川大地震对口支援初步研究. 经济与管理研究, 2009, 7: 55-62.

1. Noji EK. The public health consequences of disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med, 2000, 15(4): 147-157.
2. Tanaka H, Oda J, Iwai A, et al. Morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Am J Emerg Med, 1999, 17(2): 186-191.
3. Li YP, Wen J, Du L, et al. A comparative study on earthquake-related Literature published in medical journals. J Evid Based Med, 2009, 2(4): 252-257.
4. 林均岐. 2004年12月26日印度尼西亚地震海啸灾害考察. 地震工程与工程振动, 2005, 25(2): 30-33.
5. Han Q, Chen L, Evans T, et al. China and global health. Lancet, 2008, 372(9648): 1439-1441.
6. 胡世全. 重大自然灾害中的“信息孤岛”现象研究——以5·12四川汶川特大地震为例. 南昌高专学报, 2008, 5: 163-165.
7. 民政部, 国家发展改革委, 财政部, 国土资源部, 中国地震局. 关于印发汶川地震灾害范围评估结果的通知. 民发〔2008〕105号. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-07/22/content_1053017.htm.
8. Edwards CL. Emergency response and recovery after the May 12, Wenchuan earthquake. Proceedings of the 2009 ASCE Technical Council on Earthquake Engineering, 2009, 357: 1-7.
9. 苗崇刚, 聂高众. 地震应急指挥模式探讨. 自然灾害学报, 2004, 13(5): 48-54.
10. 谷运麒. “汶川大地震”紧急医疗救援的组织管理. 中国急救复苏与灾害医学杂志, 2008, 3(6): 334-335.
11. 四川省卫生厅. 四川省抗震救灾指挥部医疗保障组文件汇编.
12. 姜洁, 李幼平, 邓绍林, 等. 玉树汶川震后3月医疗救援比较研究. 中国循证医学杂志, 2010, 10(7): 784-790.
13. 四川省卫生厅. 抗震救灾医疗卫生救援工作专报.
14. 卫生部医疗防疫志编纂委员会. 汶川特大地震抗震救灾志医疗防疫志.
15. 张雁灵. 汶川特大地震医学救援行动及战略思考. 解放军医学杂志, 2009, 34(1): 1-6.
16. Auerbach PS, Norris RL, Menon AS, et al. Civil-military collaboration in the initial medical response to the earthquake in Haiti. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(10): e32.
17. Cranmer HH. Hurricane Katrina. Volunteer work--logistics first. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(15): 1541-1544.
18. 沈骥, 苏林, 李冰, 等. 汶川地震四川省卫生应急救援成效分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2009, 9(3): 301-306.
19. 姚元章, 张连阳, 程晓斌, 等. 汶川地震伤员伤情特点及救治分析. 中华创伤杂志, 2008, 24(10): 852-854.
20. 代小舟, 沈骥, 赵万华, 等. 汶川大地震四川省医疗救治阶段工作纪实. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(10): 797-802.
21. 胡卫建, 赵万华, 李元峰, 等. 汶川地震伤员的紧急医疗分级救治分析. 实用医院临床杂志, 2010, 7(1): 20-24.
22. 卢世璧. 汶川地震伤员救治分级处理的重要性. 解放军医学杂志, 2008, 33(8): 919-920.
23. 毕玉田, 蔺武军, 程晓斌. 四川汶川地震伤员救治中院内医疗资源的配置. 中国急救复苏与灾害医学杂志, 2009, 4(9): 679-681.
24. 吴梅祥, 钱东阳, 白波, 等. 汶川地震后方医院救治的患者病情特点及治疗对策. 中国医药导报, 2009, 6(16): 207-209.
25. 汶川特大地震灾害第三十八场新闻发布会. http://www.sc.gov.cn/jrsc/200808/t20080818_306986.shtml.
26. Xie J, Du L, Xia T, et al. Analysis of 1856 inpatients and 33 deaths in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University from the Wenchuan earthquake. J Evid Based Med, 2008, 1(1): 20-26.
27. Qiu J, Liu GD, Wang SX, et al. Analysis of injuries and treatment of 3,401 inpatients in 2008 Wenchuan earthquake--based on Chinese Trauma Databank. Chin J Traumatol, 2010, 13(5): 297-303.
28. Roy N, Shah H, Patel V, Bagalkote H. Surgical and psychosocial outcomes in the rural injured--a follow-up study of the 2001 earthquake victims. Injury, 2005, 36(8): 927-934.
29. 曾宪敏, 王哓红, 徐健, 等. 四川什邡地震灾后截肢、脊髓损伤、颅脑损伤伤员康复状况调查. 中国康复医学杂志, 2010, 25(8): 771-773.
30. 吴先萍, 方刚, 唐雪峰, 等. 汶川地震灾后四川省的卫生防病工作（2008.5.12～8.12）. 中国循证医学杂志, 2008, 8(10): 803-809.
31. 陈根, 南克祎, 赵宗国, 等. “5·12”地震对甘肃灾区人群常见卫生习惯、腹泻和儿童肠道蠕虫感染的影响. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2010, 5(11): 附页4.
32. 朱鸿斌, 程娟, 赵大余, 等. 四川省“5·12”地震灾区饮用水卫生情况分析. 预防医学情报杂志, 2008, 24(11): 849-852.
33. 程芳芳, 董晓梅, 王声湧. 玉树地震应急管理对汶川经验的验证. 循证医学, 2010, 10(3): 157-162.
34. 王育兵, 马静. 汶川地震灾后疫病的特点与启示. 实用预防医学, 2010, 17(9): 1908-1910.
35. 李静, 李小麟, 王丹, 等. 汶川大地震受伤人员心理干预理论框架与初步实践. 华西医学, 2008, 23(4): 834-835.
36. 李小融, 卢雄灾后心理援助非政府组织的协调分析. 四川教育学院学报, 2008, 24(12): 1-3.
37. 国务院. 汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划. 2008-09-19.
38. 国务院办公厅. 汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案. 2008-06-11.
39. 国务院办公厅关于印发汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案的通知. 国办发[2008]353号. 2008-06-11.
40. 陈啸宏. 在汶川地震灾区医疗卫生恢复重建对口支援工作会上的讲话（2010.8.25）. 卫生政务通报, 第22期. 2010-09-10.
41. Currier M, King DS, Wofford MR, et al. A Katrina experience: lessons learned. Am J Med, 2006, 119(11): 986-992.
42. Nates JL, Moyer VA. Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, tsunamis, and other disasters. Lancet, 2005, 366(9492): 1144-1146.
43. 姜洁, 李幼平, 王觅也, 等. 玉树与汶川地震医疗救援比较研究. 中国循证医学杂志, 2010, 10(5): 550-554.
44. Deng SL, Zheng SW, Shi YK. Applying lessons from China’s Wenchuan earthquake to medical rescue following the Yushu earthquake. J Evid-based Med, 2010, 3(2): 62-64.
45. Tahir H, Iqbal Z. Do doctors who volunteer their services in disasters overseas do more harm than good? BMJ, 2006, 332: 244.
46. Owens PJ, Forgione A Jr, Briggs S. Challenges of international disaster relief: use of a deployable rapid assembly shelter and surgical hospital. Disaster Manag Response, 2005, 3(1): 11-16.
47. Roces MC, White ME, Dayrit MM, et al. Risk factors for injuries due to the 1990 earthquake in Luzon, Philippines. Bull World Health Organ, 1992, 70(4): 509-514.
48. Schultz CH, Koenig KL, Noji EK. A medical disaster response to reduce immediate mortality after an earthquake. N Engl J Med, 1996, 334(7): 438-444.
49. Pretto EA, Angus DC, Abrams JI, et al. An analysis of prehospital mortality in an earthquake. Disaster Reanimatology Study Group. Prehosp Disaster Med, 1994, 9(2): 107-117.
50. Chan EY. The untold stories of the Sichuan earthquake. Lancet, 2008, 372(9636): 359-362.
51. Lei BL, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, et al. Emergency response and medical rescue in the worst hit Mianyang areas after the Wenchuan earthquake. J Evid Based Med, 2008, 1(1): 27-36.
52. 姬军生. 地震批量伤员空运后送体系的构建. 解放军医院管理杂志, 2008, 15(10): 906-907.
53. 曾伟, 鹿茸, 魏咏兰, 等. 灾害及灾后公共卫生服务的社会评估. 现代预防医学, 2010, 37(9): 1679-1681.
54. 倪锋, 张悦, 于彤舟. 汶川大地震对口支援初步研究. 经济与管理研究, 2009, 7: 55-62.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Emergency Medical Rescue after Major Earthquakes: Lessons from the Wenchuan Earthquake△

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