Influence of Losartan and Atenolol on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events: An Evidence-Based Analysis_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

YANG Liping , LIU Yao , XIE Jing ,  HU Xin

Pharmacy Department, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100005, China;

Corresponding author：

HU Xin, Email: huxinbjyy@126.com

Keywords：

Losartan; Atenolol; Hypertension; Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event; Randomized controlled trial

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20130034

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective 　To provide the China Essential Drugs List with evidence-based data for selecting the antihypertensive drugs in ARBs category.
Methods 　With following search terms such as losartan, atenolol and clinical trial, the relevant clinical trials on losartan and atenolol for treating hypertension in both Chinese and English languages were collected from the EMbase, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, website of clinicaltrials.gov, CNKI, VIP and CBM.
Results 　A total of 52 studies were pooled in this systematic review, of which most focused on the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. The main results were that: a) With the same effects in lowering blood pressure, losartan was superior to atenolol in toleration and reducing left ventricular hypertrophy; b) Losartan was more effective than atenolol in preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, especially better in preventing new-onset stroke; c) Losartan was superior to atenolol in the patients complicated with or without diabetes mellitus, with or without atrial fibrillation, and with low hemoglobin or high blood uric acid, as well as in the patients co-treated by aspirin or hydrochlorothiazide; d) No matter either losartan or atenolol used in the aggressive antihypertensive therapy, the risk of sudden cardiac death got increased in hypertensive patients with prolonged QRS duration; e) Losartan was superior to atenolol in treating patients with smoking and drinking habits; and f) There were no significant differences between losartan and atenolol in hypertensive patients of black people, different genders, as well as the patients with mutant angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene.
Conclusion 　Losartan has the same antihypertensive effects as atenolol dose, but it is more effective in reducing left ventricular hypertrophy, and has more benefits to hypertensive patients beyond lowering blood pressure, such as, reducing urine protein and uric acid rather than high density lipoprotein.

Citation： YANG Liping,LIU Yao,XIE Jing,HU Xin. Influence of Losartan and Atenolol on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events: An Evidence-Based Analysis. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2013, 13(2): 196-203. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20130034 Copy

1.	Ibsen H, Pedersen OL, Dahlof B, et al. The effect of losartan versus atenolol on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension and ECG-verified left ventricular hypertrophy in the LIFE-study. Ugeskr Laeger, 2003, 165(5): 456-459.
2.	Sica DA. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2002, 4(4): 321-323.
3.	Kjeldsen SE, Lyle PA, Kizer JR, et al. The effects of losartan compared to atenolol on stroke in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. The LIFE study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2005, 7(3): 152-158.
4.	Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Effects of losartan or atenolol in hypertensive patients without clinically evident vascular disease: a substudy of the LIFE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 2003, 139(3): 169-177.
5.	Reims HM, Oparil S, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Losartan benefits over atenolol in non-smoking hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Blood Press, 2004, 13(6): 376-384.
6.	Reims HM, Kjeldsen SE, Brady WE, et al. Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk in hypertensives with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 381-389.
7.	Dahlof B, Burke TA, Krobot K, et al. Population impact of losartan use on stroke in the European Union (EU): projections from the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 367-373.
8.	Boersma C, Carides GW, Atthobari J, et al. An economic assessment of losartan-based versus atenolol-based therapy in patients with hypertension and left-ventricular hypertrophy: results from the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) study adapted to The Netherlands. Clin Ther, 2007, 29(5): 963-971.
9.	Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet, 2002, 359(9311): 1004-1010.
10.	Ibsen H, Lindholm LH, Pedersen OL, et al. The effect of losartan versus atenolol on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus in the LIFE-study. Ugeskr Laeger, 2003, 165(5): 459-462.
11.	Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet, 2002, 359(9311): 995-1003.
12.	de Simone G, Wachtell K, Palmieri V, et al. Body build and risk of cardiovascular events in hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE (Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension) study. Circulation, 2005, 111(15): 1924-1931.
13.	Wachtell K, Hornestam B, Lehto M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients with a history of atrial fibrillation: The Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005, 45(5): 705-711.
14.	Wachtell K, Lehto M, Gerdts E, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005, 45(5): 712-719.
15.	Okin PM, Wachtell K, Devereux RB, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension. JAMA, 2006, 296(10): 1242-1248.
16.	Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan versus atenolol: The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study. Circulation, 2003, 108(6): 684-690.
17.	Gerdts E, Roman MJ, Palmieri V, et al. Impact of age on left ventricular hypertrophy regression during antihypertensive treatment with losartan or atenolol (the LIFE study). J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 417-422.
18.	Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA, 2002, 288(12): 1491-1498.
19.	Gerdts E, Bjornstad H, Devereux RB, et al. Exercise performance during losartan- or atenolol-based treatment in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (a LIFE substudy). Blood Press, 2006, 15(4): 220-226.
20.	Bella JN, Palmieri V, Wachtell K, et al. Sex-related difference in regression of left ventricular hypertrophy with antihypertensive treatment: the LIFE study. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 411-416.
21.	Okin PM, Devereux RB, Gerdts E, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and the prediction of outcome during antihypertensive therapy: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint (LIFE) Reduction in Hypertension Study. Circulation, 2006, 113(12): 1588-1596.
22.	Okin PM, Devereux RB, Liu JE, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy predicts regression of echocardiographic left ventricular mass: the LIFE study. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 403-409.
23.	Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA, 2004, 292(19): 2343-2349.
24.	Wachtell K, Okin PM, Olsen MH, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy and reduction in sudden cardiac death: the LIFE Study. Circulation, 2007, 116(7): 700-705.
25.	Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Neland K, et al. Losartan but not atenolol reduce carotid artery hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A LIFE substudy. Blood Press, 2005, 14(3): 177-183.
26.	Olsen MH, Fossum E, Hoieggen A, et al. Long-term treatment with losartan versus atenolol improves insulin sensitivity in hypertension: ICARUS, a LIFE substudy. J Hypertens, 2005, 23(4): 891-898.
27.	Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Beevers G, et al. Effects of losartan compared with atenolol on lipids in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Journal of hypertension, 2009(3): 567-574.
28.	Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, et al. Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension, 2005, 45(2): 198-202.
29.	Ibsen H, Wachtell K, Olsen MH, et al. Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcome on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy? A LIFE substudy. J Hypertens, 2004, 22(9): 1805-1811.
30.	Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, et al. Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcomes on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy? The LIFE study. Diabetes Care, 2006, 29(3): 595-600.
31.	Hoieggen A, Alderman MH, Kjeldsen SE, et al. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. Kidney Int, 2004, 65(3): 1041-1049.
32.	Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Tuxen C, et al. Opposite effects of losartan and atenolol on natriuretic peptides in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a LIFE substudy. J Hypertens, 2005, 23(5): 1083-1090.
33.	Davies J, Carr E, Band M, et al. Do losartan and atenolol have differential effects on BNP and central haemodynamic parameters? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 2005, 6(3): 151-153.
34.	Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Beevers G, et al. Prognostic importance of hemoglobin in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the Losartan Intervention For End point reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. Am Heart J, 2009, 157(1): 177-184.
35.	Smebye ML, Iversen EK, Hoieggen A, et al. Effect of hemoglobin levels on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (from the LIFE study). Am J Cardiol, 2007, 100(5): 855-859.
36.	Olsen MH, Christensen MK, Wachtell K, et al. Markers of collagen synthesis is related to blood pressure and vascular hypertrophy: A LIFE substudy. 2005, 19(4): 301-307.
37.	Christensen MK, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, et al. Does long-term losartan- vs atenolol-based antihypertensive treatment influence collagen markers differently in hypertensive patients? A LIFE substudy. Blood Press, 2006, 15(4): 198-206.
38.	Fossum E, Olsen MH, Hoieggen A, et al. Long-term plasma catecholamines in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy treated with losartan or atenolol: ICARUS, a LIFE substudy. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 375-380.
39.	Wachtell K, Bella JN, Rokkedal J, et al. Change in diastolic left ventricular filling after one year of antihypertensive treatment: The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study. Circulation, 2002, 105(9): 1071-1076.
40.	Okin PM, Oikarinen L, Viitasalo M, et al. Serial assessment of the electrocardiographic strain pattern for prediction of new-onset heart failure during antihypertensive treatment: the LIFE study. Eur J Heart Fail, 13(4): 384-391.
41.	Okin PM, Wachtell K, Devereux RB, et al. Combination of the electrocardiographic strain pattern and albuminuria for the prediction of new-onset heart failure in hypertensive patients: the LIFE study. Am J Hypertens, 2008, 21(3): 273-279.
42.	Morin DP, Oikarinen L, Viitasalo M, et al. QRS duration predicts sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients undergoing intensive medical therapy: the LIFE study. Eur Heart J, 2009, 30(23): 2908-2914.
43.	Okin PM, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Incidence of heart failure in relation to QRS duration during antihypertensive therapy: the LIFE study. J Hypertens, 2009, 27(11): 2271-2277.
44.	Okin PM, Devereux RB, Harris KE, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with less hospitalization for heart failure in hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med, 2007, 147(5): 311-319.
45.	Devereux RB, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, et al. Blood pressure reduction and antihypertensive medication use in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Curr Med Res Opin, 2007, 23(2): 259-270.
46.	Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Gerdts E, et al. Regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan compared with atenolol: the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) trial. Circulation, 2004, 110(11): 1456-1462.
47.	Okin PM, Hille DA, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Greater regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during hydrochlorothiazide therapy in hypertensive patients. American Journal of Hypertension, 2010, 23(7): 786-793.
48.	Fossum E, Moan A, Kjeldsen SE, et al. The effect of losartan versus atenolol on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension taking aspirin: the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005, 46(5): 770-775.
49.	Julius S, Alderman MH, Beevers G, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in hypertensive black patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(6): 1047-1055.
50.	Okin PM, Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, et al. Racial differences in incident heart failure during antihypertensive therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 4(2): 157-164.
51.	Okin PM, Gerdts E, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Gender differences in regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy. Hypertension, 2008, 52(1): 100-106.
52.	Nordestgaard BG, Kontula K, Benn M, et al. Effect of ACE insertion/deletion and 12 other polymorphisms on clinical outcomes and response to treatment in the life study. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 2010, 20(2): 77-85.

1. Ibsen H, Pedersen OL, Dahlof B, et al. The effect of losartan versus atenolol on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension and ECG-verified left ventricular hypertrophy in the LIFE-study. Ugeskr Laeger, 2003, 165(5): 456-459.
2. Sica DA. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2002, 4(4): 321-323.
3. Kjeldsen SE, Lyle PA, Kizer JR, et al. The effects of losartan compared to atenolol on stroke in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. The LIFE study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2005, 7(3): 152-158.
4. Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Effects of losartan or atenolol in hypertensive patients without clinically evident vascular disease: a substudy of the LIFE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 2003, 139(3): 169-177.
5. Reims HM, Oparil S, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Losartan benefits over atenolol in non-smoking hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Blood Press, 2004, 13(6): 376-384.
6. Reims HM, Kjeldsen SE, Brady WE, et al. Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk in hypertensives with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 381-389.
7. Dahlof B, Burke TA, Krobot K, et al. Population impact of losartan use on stroke in the European Union (EU): projections from the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 367-373.
8. Boersma C, Carides GW, Atthobari J, et al. An economic assessment of losartan-based versus atenolol-based therapy in patients with hypertension and left-ventricular hypertrophy: results from the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) study adapted to The Netherlands. Clin Ther, 2007, 29(5): 963-971.
9. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet, 2002, 359(9311): 1004-1010.
10. Ibsen H, Lindholm LH, Pedersen OL, et al. The effect of losartan versus atenolol on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus in the LIFE-study. Ugeskr Laeger, 2003, 165(5): 459-462.
11. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet, 2002, 359(9311): 995-1003.
12. de Simone G, Wachtell K, Palmieri V, et al. Body build and risk of cardiovascular events in hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE (Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension) study. Circulation, 2005, 111(15): 1924-1931.
13. Wachtell K, Hornestam B, Lehto M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients with a history of atrial fibrillation: The Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005, 45(5): 705-711.
14. Wachtell K, Lehto M, Gerdts E, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005, 45(5): 712-719.
15. Okin PM, Wachtell K, Devereux RB, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension. JAMA, 2006, 296(10): 1242-1248.
16. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan versus atenolol: The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study. Circulation, 2003, 108(6): 684-690.
17. Gerdts E, Roman MJ, Palmieri V, et al. Impact of age on left ventricular hypertrophy regression during antihypertensive treatment with losartan or atenolol (the LIFE study). J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 417-422.
18. Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA, 2002, 288(12): 1491-1498.
19. Gerdts E, Bjornstad H, Devereux RB, et al. Exercise performance during losartan- or atenolol-based treatment in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (a LIFE substudy). Blood Press, 2006, 15(4): 220-226.
20. Bella JN, Palmieri V, Wachtell K, et al. Sex-related difference in regression of left ventricular hypertrophy with antihypertensive treatment: the LIFE study. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 411-416.
21. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Gerdts E, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and the prediction of outcome during antihypertensive therapy: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint (LIFE) Reduction in Hypertension Study. Circulation, 2006, 113(12): 1588-1596.
22. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Liu JE, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy predicts regression of echocardiographic left ventricular mass: the LIFE study. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 403-409.
23. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA, 2004, 292(19): 2343-2349.
24. Wachtell K, Okin PM, Olsen MH, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy and reduction in sudden cardiac death: the LIFE Study. Circulation, 2007, 116(7): 700-705.
25. Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Neland K, et al. Losartan but not atenolol reduce carotid artery hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A LIFE substudy. Blood Press, 2005, 14(3): 177-183.
26. Olsen MH, Fossum E, Hoieggen A, et al. Long-term treatment with losartan versus atenolol improves insulin sensitivity in hypertension: ICARUS, a LIFE substudy. J Hypertens, 2005, 23(4): 891-898.
27. Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Beevers G, et al. Effects of losartan compared with atenolol on lipids in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Journal of hypertension, 2009(3): 567-574.
28. Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, et al. Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension, 2005, 45(2): 198-202.
29. Ibsen H, Wachtell K, Olsen MH, et al. Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcome on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy? A LIFE substudy. J Hypertens, 2004, 22(9): 1805-1811.
30. Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, et al. Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcomes on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy? The LIFE study. Diabetes Care, 2006, 29(3): 595-600.
31. Hoieggen A, Alderman MH, Kjeldsen SE, et al. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. Kidney Int, 2004, 65(3): 1041-1049.
32. Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Tuxen C, et al. Opposite effects of losartan and atenolol on natriuretic peptides in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a LIFE substudy. J Hypertens, 2005, 23(5): 1083-1090.
33. Davies J, Carr E, Band M, et al. Do losartan and atenolol have differential effects on BNP and central haemodynamic parameters? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 2005, 6(3): 151-153.
34. Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Beevers G, et al. Prognostic importance of hemoglobin in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the Losartan Intervention For End point reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. Am Heart J, 2009, 157(1): 177-184.
35. Smebye ML, Iversen EK, Hoieggen A, et al. Effect of hemoglobin levels on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (from the LIFE study). Am J Cardiol, 2007, 100(5): 855-859.
36. Olsen MH, Christensen MK, Wachtell K, et al. Markers of collagen synthesis is related to blood pressure and vascular hypertrophy: A LIFE substudy. 2005, 19(4): 301-307.
37. Christensen MK, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, et al. Does long-term losartan- vs atenolol-based antihypertensive treatment influence collagen markers differently in hypertensive patients? A LIFE substudy. Blood Press, 2006, 15(4): 198-206.
38. Fossum E, Olsen MH, Hoieggen A, et al. Long-term plasma catecholamines in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy treated with losartan or atenolol: ICARUS, a LIFE substudy. J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18(6): 375-380.
39. Wachtell K, Bella JN, Rokkedal J, et al. Change in diastolic left ventricular filling after one year of antihypertensive treatment: The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study. Circulation, 2002, 105(9): 1071-1076.
40. Okin PM, Oikarinen L, Viitasalo M, et al. Serial assessment of the electrocardiographic strain pattern for prediction of new-onset heart failure during antihypertensive treatment: the LIFE study. Eur J Heart Fail, 13(4): 384-391.
41. Okin PM, Wachtell K, Devereux RB, et al. Combination of the electrocardiographic strain pattern and albuminuria for the prediction of new-onset heart failure in hypertensive patients: the LIFE study. Am J Hypertens, 2008, 21(3): 273-279.
42. Morin DP, Oikarinen L, Viitasalo M, et al. QRS duration predicts sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients undergoing intensive medical therapy: the LIFE study. Eur Heart J, 2009, 30(23): 2908-2914.
43. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Incidence of heart failure in relation to QRS duration during antihypertensive therapy: the LIFE study. J Hypertens, 2009, 27(11): 2271-2277.
44. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Harris KE, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with less hospitalization for heart failure in hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med, 2007, 147(5): 311-319.
45. Devereux RB, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, et al. Blood pressure reduction and antihypertensive medication use in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Curr Med Res Opin, 2007, 23(2): 259-270.
46. Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Gerdts E, et al. Regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan compared with atenolol: the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) trial. Circulation, 2004, 110(11): 1456-1462.
47. Okin PM, Hille DA, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Greater regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during hydrochlorothiazide therapy in hypertensive patients. American Journal of Hypertension, 2010, 23(7): 786-793.
48. Fossum E, Moan A, Kjeldsen SE, et al. The effect of losartan versus atenolol on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension taking aspirin: the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005, 46(5): 770-775.
49. Julius S, Alderman MH, Beevers G, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in hypertensive black patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(6): 1047-1055.
50. Okin PM, Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, et al. Racial differences in incident heart failure during antihypertensive therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 4(2): 157-164.
51. Okin PM, Gerdts E, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Gender differences in regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy. Hypertension, 2008, 52(1): 100-106.
52. Nordestgaard BG, Kontula K, Benn M, et al. Effect of ACE insertion/deletion and 12 other polymorphisms on clinical outcomes and response to treatment in the life study. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 2010, 20(2): 77-85.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Influence of Losartan and Atenolol on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events: An Evidence-Based Analysis

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