Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

CAI Yingying ¹ , WANG Han ² , DENG Juelin ^3,4 , TIAN Peng ¹ , YUE Jirong ³ ,  ZHANG Lei ¹

1. Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, P.R.China;
2. Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610031, P.R.China;
3. Department of Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;
4. Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, 572013, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Lei, Email: zhl.037@163.com

Keywords：

Systemic sclerosis; Diastolic dysfunction; Pulmonary hypertension; Echocardiography; Meta-analysis; Systematic review

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.201611035

Video：

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Objective To systematically review whether the prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was higher in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. Methods The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, CBM, CNKI and WanFang Data databases were electronically searched to collect the studies about comparing echocardiographic parameters in SSc patients and controls from January 1990 to June 2016. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies, then, meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 22 studies involving 1 146 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that: compared to controls, patients with SSc had prolonged left isovolumetric relaxation time (MD=10.40, 95%CI 4.04 to 16.77, P=0.001), higher trans-mitral A-wave velocity (MD=0.11, 95%CI 0.07 to 0.15, P<0.000 01), prolonged mitral deceleration time (MD=8.04, 95%CI 2.66 to 13.42,P=0.003), larger mean left atrial dimension (MD=1.43, 95%CI 0.11 to 2.76, P=0.03), higher estimated pulmonary artery pressure (MD=11.35, 95%CI 6.08 to 16.6, P<0.001), higher E/E’ ratio (MD=2.08, 95%CI 0.19 to 3.96,P=0.03) and lower trans-mitral E-wave velocity (MD=–0.03, 95%CI –0.05 to –0.01, P=0.000 3), mitral E/A ratio (MD=–0.24, 95%CI –0.32 to –0.15, P<0.000 01) and trans-mitral E’-wave velocity (MD=–1.52, 95%CI –2.44 to –0.60,P=0.001). There were no differences in left ventricular ejection fraction, isovolumetric end-systolic dimension, septal end-diastolic thickness and posterior wall end-diastolic thickness, trans-mitral A’-wave velocity, E’/A’ ratio. Conclusion SSc patients are more likely to have echocardiographic parameters of LVDD. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high quality studies are needed to verify above conclusion.

Citation： CAI Yingying, WANG Han, DENG Juelin, TIAN Peng, YUE Jirong, ZHANG Lei. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2017, 17(10): 1188-1197. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.201611035 Copy

1.	Boueiz A, Mathai SC, Hummers LK, et al. Cardiac complications of systemic sclerosis: recent progress in diagnosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 2010, 22(6): 696-703.
2.	Follansbee WP, Miller TR, Cirtoss EI, et al. A controlled clinicopathologic study of myocardial fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Rheumatol, 1990, 17(5): 656-662.
3.	Vignaux O, Allanore Y, Meune C, et al. Evaluation of the effect of nifedipine upon myocardial perfusion and contractility using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and tissue Doppler echocardiography in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2005, 64(9): 1268-1273.
4.	Allanore Y, Meune C, Vignaux O, et al. Bosentan increases myocardial perfusion and function in systemic sclerosis: a magnetic resonance imaging and tissue-Doppler echography study. J Rheumatol, 2006, 33(12): 2464-2469.
5.	Samsonov M, Nassonov E, Kostin S, et al. Serum neopterin-possible immunological marker of myocardial inflammation in patients with dilated heart muscle disease. Eur Heart J, 1991, 12 (Suppl 8): 151-153.
6.	Bryan C, Howard Y, Brennan P, et al. Survival following the onset of scleroderma: results from a retrospective inception cohort study of the UK patient population. Br J Rheumatol, 1996, 35(11): 1122-1126.
7.	Ferri C, Valentini G, Cozzi F, et al. Systemic sclerosis: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 1 012 Italian patients. Medicine, 2002, 81(2): 139-153.
8.	Scussel-Lonzetti L, Joyal F, Raynauld JP, et al. Predicting mortality in systemic sclerosis: analysis of a cohort of 309 French Canadian patients with emphasis on features at diagnosis as predictive factors for survival. Medicine, 2002, 81(2): 154-167.
9.	Ioannidis JP, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Haidich AB, et al. Mortality in systemic sclerosis: an international meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Med, 2005, 118(1): 2-10.
10.	Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum, 2000, 43(11): 2437-2444.
11.	Wranicz J, Zielińska M, Cygankiewicz I, et al. Early cardiovascular involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Med Sci Monit, 2002, 8(2): 78-82.
12.	Can I, Onat AM, Aytemir K, et al. Detecting subclinical biventricular impairment in scleroderma patients by use of pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging. Tex Heart Inst J, 2009, 36(1): 31-37.
13.	Pellerin D, Sharma R, Elliott P, et al. Tissue Doppler, strain, and strain rate echocardiography for assessment of left and right systolic ventricular function. Heart, 2003, 89(Suppl 3): iii9-17.
14.	Yu CM, Sanderson JE, Marwick TH, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging: a new prognosticator for cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007, 49(19): 1903-1914.
15.	Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA, 2000, 283(15): 2008-2012.
16.	Wells G, Shea B, O’Connel D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analysis. Appl Eng Agric, 2002, 18(6): 727-734.
17.	Maione S, Cuomo G, Giunta A, et al. Echocardiographic alterations in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 34(5): 721-727.
18.	Meune C, Allanore Y, Devaux JY, et al. High prevalence of right ventricular systolic dysfunction in early systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol, 2004, 31(10): 1941-1945.
19.	Poanta L, Dadu R, Tiboc C, et al. Systolic and diastolic function in patients with systemic sclerosis. Eur J Intern Med, 2009, 20(4): 378-382.
20.	Meune C, Avouac J, Wahbi K, et al. Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis assessed by tissue-doppler echocardiography during routine care: a controlled study of 100 consecutive patients. Arthritis Rheum, 2008, 58(6): 1803-1809.
21.	Rudominer RL, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Independent association of rheumatoid arthritis with increased left ventricular mass but not with reduced ejection fraction. Arthritis Rheum, 2009, 60(1): 22-29.
22.	Lee SW, Choi EY, Jung SY, et al. E/E' ratio is more sensitive than E/A ratio for detection of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2010, 28(2 Suppl 58): S12-17.
23.	Dimitroulas T, Giannakoulas G, Papadopoulou K, et al. Early detection of cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis assessed by tissue-Doppler echocardiography: relationship with neurohormonal activation and endothelial dysfunction. J Rheumatol, 2010, 37(5): 993-999.
24.	Schattke S, Knebel F, Grohmann A, et al. Early right ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis without pulmonary hypertension: a Doppler tissue and speckle tracking echocardiography study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound, 2010, 22(8): 8-13.
25.	Maione S, Cuomo G, Giunta A, et al. Echocardiographic alterations in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 34(5): 721-727.
26.	Aguglia G, Sgreccia A, Bernardo ML, et al. Left ventricular diastolic function in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol, 2001, 28(7): 1563-1567.
27.	Yiu KH, Schouffoer AA, Marsan NA, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction assessed by speckle-tracking strain analysis in patients with systemic sclerosis: relationship to functional capacity and ventricular arrhythmias. Arthritis Rheum, 2011, 63(12): 3969-3978.
28.	Meune C, Allanore Y, Pascal O, et al. Myocardial contractility is early affected in systemic sclerosis: a tissue Doppler echocardiography study. Eur J Echocardiogr, 2005, 6(5): 351-357.
29.	Candell-Riera J, Armadans-Gil L, Simeón CP, et al. Comprehensive noninvasive assessment of cardiac involvement in limited systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum, 1996, 39(7): 1138-1145.
30.	Giunta A, Tirri E, Maione S, et al. Right ventricular diastolic abnormalities in systemic sclerosis. Relation to left ventricular involvement and pulmonary hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis, 2000, 59(2): 94-98.
31.	Paradiso M, Gabrielli F, Coppotelli L, et al. Signal-averaged electrocardiography and echocardiography in the evaluation of myocardial involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. Int J Cardiol, 1996, 53(2): 171-177.
32.	Güllülü S, Kaderli AA, Ekbul A, et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiography and myocardial performance index in patients with scleroderma. J Int Med Res, 2005, 33(4): 417-424.
33.	Ivanovic BA, Tadic MV, Zlatanovic MM, et al. Which factors impact myocardial function in systemic sclerosis? Echocardiography, 2012, 29(3): 307-317.
34.	Ciurzyński M, Bienias P, Lichodziejewska B, et al. Assessment of left and right ventricular diastolic function in patients with systemic sclerosis. Kardiol Pol, 2008, 66(3): 269-278.
35.	Valentini G, Vitale DF, Giunta A, et al. Diastolic abnormalities in systemic sclerosis: evidence for associated defective cardiac functional reserve. Ann Rheum Dis, 1996, 55(7): 455-460.
36.	Lindqvist P, Caidahl K, Neuman-Andersen G, et al. Disturbed right ventricular diastolic function in patients with systemic sclerosis: a Doppler tissue imaging study. Chest, 2005, 128(2): 755-763.
37.	Morelli S, Sgreccia A, Ferrante L, et al. Relationship between electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings in systemic sclerosis(scleroderma). Int J Cardiol, 1996, 57(2): 151-160.
38.	D'Andrea A, Stisi S, Bellissimo S, et al. Early impairment of myocardial function in systemic sclerosis: non-invasive assessment by Doppler myocardial and strain rate imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr, 2005, 6(6): 407-418.
39.	Huez S, Roufosse F, Vachiéry JL, et al. Isolated right ventricular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: latent pulmonary hypertension? Eur Respir J, 2007, 30(5): 928-936.
40.	Kepez A, Akdogan A, Sade LE, et al. Detection of subclinical cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis by echocardiographic strain imaging. Echocardiography, 2008, 25(2): 191-197.
41.	Lambova S. Cardiac manifestations in systemic sclerosis. World J Cardio, 2014, 6(9): 993-1005.
42.	Gustafsson R, Mannting F, Kazzam E, et al. Cold-induced reversible myocardial ischaemia in systemic sclerosis. Lancet, 1989, 2(8661): 475-479.
43.	Alexander EL, Firestein GS, Weiss JL, et al. Reversible cold-induced abnormalities in myocardial perfusion and function in systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med, 1986, 105(5): 661-668.
44.	Kahan A, Devaux JY, Amor B, et al. Pharmacodynamic effect of dipyridamole on thallium-201 myocardial perfusion in progressive systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis, 1986, 45(9): 718-725.
45.	Kahan A, Devaux JY, Amor B, et al. Nifedipine and thallium-201 myocardial perfusion in progressive systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med, 1986, 314(22): 1397-1402.
46.	Kamel H, Okin PM, Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Atrial cardiopathy: a broadened concept of left atrial thromboembolism beyond atrial fibrillation. Future Cardiol, 2015, 11(3): 323-331.
47.	Rudominer RL, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Independent association of rheumatoid arthritis with increased left ventricular mass but not with reduced ejection fraction. Arthritis Rheum, 2009, 60(1): 22-29.
48.	Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ. Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician's Rosetta stone. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1997, 30(1): 8-18.
49.	El-Shafie MM, Salem SS, Moghazi AA. Left ventricular myocardial ischemia in collagen disease associated with pulmonary hypertension: an evaluation by rest-stress gated SPECT and coronary angiography. Nucl Med Commun, 2011, 32(7): 641-648.
50.	Vogel-Claussen J, Skrok J, Shehata ML, et al. Right and left ventricular myocardial perfusion reserves correlate with right ventricular function and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Radiology, 2011, 258(1): 119-127.
51.	El-Shafie MM, Salem SS, Moghazi AA. Left ventricular myocardial ischemia in collagen disease associated with pulmonary hypertension: an evaluation by rest-stress gated SPECT and coronary angiography. Nucl Med Commun, 2011, 32(7): 641-648.
52.	Elhai M, Avouac J, Walker UA, et al. A gender gap in primary and secondary heart dysfunctions in systemic sclerosis: a EUSTAR prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016, 75(1): 163-169.
53.	He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, et al. Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med, 2001, 161(7): 996-1002.
54.	Morelli S, Sgreccia A, Ferrante L, et al. Relationships between electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Int J Cardiol, 1996, 57(2): 151-160.

1. Boueiz A, Mathai SC, Hummers LK, et al. Cardiac complications of systemic sclerosis: recent progress in diagnosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 2010, 22(6): 696-703.
2. Follansbee WP, Miller TR, Cirtoss EI, et al. A controlled clinicopathologic study of myocardial fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Rheumatol, 1990, 17(5): 656-662.
3. Vignaux O, Allanore Y, Meune C, et al. Evaluation of the effect of nifedipine upon myocardial perfusion and contractility using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and tissue Doppler echocardiography in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2005, 64(9): 1268-1273.
4. Allanore Y, Meune C, Vignaux O, et al. Bosentan increases myocardial perfusion and function in systemic sclerosis: a magnetic resonance imaging and tissue-Doppler echography study. J Rheumatol, 2006, 33(12): 2464-2469.
5. Samsonov M, Nassonov E, Kostin S, et al. Serum neopterin-possible immunological marker of myocardial inflammation in patients with dilated heart muscle disease. Eur Heart J, 1991, 12 (Suppl 8): 151-153.
6. Bryan C, Howard Y, Brennan P, et al. Survival following the onset of scleroderma: results from a retrospective inception cohort study of the UK patient population. Br J Rheumatol, 1996, 35(11): 1122-1126.
7. Ferri C, Valentini G, Cozzi F, et al. Systemic sclerosis: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 1 012 Italian patients. Medicine, 2002, 81(2): 139-153.
8. Scussel-Lonzetti L, Joyal F, Raynauld JP, et al. Predicting mortality in systemic sclerosis: analysis of a cohort of 309 French Canadian patients with emphasis on features at diagnosis as predictive factors for survival. Medicine, 2002, 81(2): 154-167.
9. Ioannidis JP, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Haidich AB, et al. Mortality in systemic sclerosis: an international meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Med, 2005, 118(1): 2-10.
10. Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum, 2000, 43(11): 2437-2444.
11. Wranicz J, Zielińska M, Cygankiewicz I, et al. Early cardiovascular involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Med Sci Monit, 2002, 8(2): 78-82.
12. Can I, Onat AM, Aytemir K, et al. Detecting subclinical biventricular impairment in scleroderma patients by use of pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging. Tex Heart Inst J, 2009, 36(1): 31-37.
13. Pellerin D, Sharma R, Elliott P, et al. Tissue Doppler, strain, and strain rate echocardiography for assessment of left and right systolic ventricular function. Heart, 2003, 89(Suppl 3): iii9-17.
14. Yu CM, Sanderson JE, Marwick TH, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging: a new prognosticator for cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007, 49(19): 1903-1914.
15. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA, 2000, 283(15): 2008-2012.
16. Wells G, Shea B, O’Connel D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analysis. Appl Eng Agric, 2002, 18(6): 727-734.
17. Maione S, Cuomo G, Giunta A, et al. Echocardiographic alterations in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 34(5): 721-727.
18. Meune C, Allanore Y, Devaux JY, et al. High prevalence of right ventricular systolic dysfunction in early systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol, 2004, 31(10): 1941-1945.
19. Poanta L, Dadu R, Tiboc C, et al. Systolic and diastolic function in patients with systemic sclerosis. Eur J Intern Med, 2009, 20(4): 378-382.
20. Meune C, Avouac J, Wahbi K, et al. Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis assessed by tissue-doppler echocardiography during routine care: a controlled study of 100 consecutive patients. Arthritis Rheum, 2008, 58(6): 1803-1809.
21. Rudominer RL, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Independent association of rheumatoid arthritis with increased left ventricular mass but not with reduced ejection fraction. Arthritis Rheum, 2009, 60(1): 22-29.
22. Lee SW, Choi EY, Jung SY, et al. E/E' ratio is more sensitive than E/A ratio for detection of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2010, 28(2 Suppl 58): S12-17.
23. Dimitroulas T, Giannakoulas G, Papadopoulou K, et al. Early detection of cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis assessed by tissue-Doppler echocardiography: relationship with neurohormonal activation and endothelial dysfunction. J Rheumatol, 2010, 37(5): 993-999.
24. Schattke S, Knebel F, Grohmann A, et al. Early right ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis without pulmonary hypertension: a Doppler tissue and speckle tracking echocardiography study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound, 2010, 22(8): 8-13.
25. Maione S, Cuomo G, Giunta A, et al. Echocardiographic alterations in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 34(5): 721-727.
26. Aguglia G, Sgreccia A, Bernardo ML, et al. Left ventricular diastolic function in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol, 2001, 28(7): 1563-1567.
27. Yiu KH, Schouffoer AA, Marsan NA, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction assessed by speckle-tracking strain analysis in patients with systemic sclerosis: relationship to functional capacity and ventricular arrhythmias. Arthritis Rheum, 2011, 63(12): 3969-3978.
28. Meune C, Allanore Y, Pascal O, et al. Myocardial contractility is early affected in systemic sclerosis: a tissue Doppler echocardiography study. Eur J Echocardiogr, 2005, 6(5): 351-357.
29. Candell-Riera J, Armadans-Gil L, Simeón CP, et al. Comprehensive noninvasive assessment of cardiac involvement in limited systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum, 1996, 39(7): 1138-1145.
30. Giunta A, Tirri E, Maione S, et al. Right ventricular diastolic abnormalities in systemic sclerosis. Relation to left ventricular involvement and pulmonary hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis, 2000, 59(2): 94-98.
31. Paradiso M, Gabrielli F, Coppotelli L, et al. Signal-averaged electrocardiography and echocardiography in the evaluation of myocardial involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. Int J Cardiol, 1996, 53(2): 171-177.
32. Güllülü S, Kaderli AA, Ekbul A, et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiography and myocardial performance index in patients with scleroderma. J Int Med Res, 2005, 33(4): 417-424.
33. Ivanovic BA, Tadic MV, Zlatanovic MM, et al. Which factors impact myocardial function in systemic sclerosis? Echocardiography, 2012, 29(3): 307-317.
34. Ciurzyński M, Bienias P, Lichodziejewska B, et al. Assessment of left and right ventricular diastolic function in patients with systemic sclerosis. Kardiol Pol, 2008, 66(3): 269-278.
35. Valentini G, Vitale DF, Giunta A, et al. Diastolic abnormalities in systemic sclerosis: evidence for associated defective cardiac functional reserve. Ann Rheum Dis, 1996, 55(7): 455-460.
36. Lindqvist P, Caidahl K, Neuman-Andersen G, et al. Disturbed right ventricular diastolic function in patients with systemic sclerosis: a Doppler tissue imaging study. Chest, 2005, 128(2): 755-763.
37. Morelli S, Sgreccia A, Ferrante L, et al. Relationship between electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings in systemic sclerosis(scleroderma). Int J Cardiol, 1996, 57(2): 151-160.
38. D'Andrea A, Stisi S, Bellissimo S, et al. Early impairment of myocardial function in systemic sclerosis: non-invasive assessment by Doppler myocardial and strain rate imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr, 2005, 6(6): 407-418.
39. Huez S, Roufosse F, Vachiéry JL, et al. Isolated right ventricular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: latent pulmonary hypertension? Eur Respir J, 2007, 30(5): 928-936.
40. Kepez A, Akdogan A, Sade LE, et al. Detection of subclinical cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis by echocardiographic strain imaging. Echocardiography, 2008, 25(2): 191-197.
41. Lambova S. Cardiac manifestations in systemic sclerosis. World J Cardio, 2014, 6(9): 993-1005.
42. Gustafsson R, Mannting F, Kazzam E, et al. Cold-induced reversible myocardial ischaemia in systemic sclerosis. Lancet, 1989, 2(8661): 475-479.
43. Alexander EL, Firestein GS, Weiss JL, et al. Reversible cold-induced abnormalities in myocardial perfusion and function in systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med, 1986, 105(5): 661-668.
44. Kahan A, Devaux JY, Amor B, et al. Pharmacodynamic effect of dipyridamole on thallium-201 myocardial perfusion in progressive systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis, 1986, 45(9): 718-725.
45. Kahan A, Devaux JY, Amor B, et al. Nifedipine and thallium-201 myocardial perfusion in progressive systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med, 1986, 314(22): 1397-1402.
46. Kamel H, Okin PM, Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Atrial cardiopathy: a broadened concept of left atrial thromboembolism beyond atrial fibrillation. Future Cardiol, 2015, 11(3): 323-331.
47. Rudominer RL, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Independent association of rheumatoid arthritis with increased left ventricular mass but not with reduced ejection fraction. Arthritis Rheum, 2009, 60(1): 22-29.
48. Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ. Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician's Rosetta stone. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1997, 30(1): 8-18.
49. El-Shafie MM, Salem SS, Moghazi AA. Left ventricular myocardial ischemia in collagen disease associated with pulmonary hypertension: an evaluation by rest-stress gated SPECT and coronary angiography. Nucl Med Commun, 2011, 32(7): 641-648.
50. Vogel-Claussen J, Skrok J, Shehata ML, et al. Right and left ventricular myocardial perfusion reserves correlate with right ventricular function and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Radiology, 2011, 258(1): 119-127.
51. El-Shafie MM, Salem SS, Moghazi AA. Left ventricular myocardial ischemia in collagen disease associated with pulmonary hypertension: an evaluation by rest-stress gated SPECT and coronary angiography. Nucl Med Commun, 2011, 32(7): 641-648.
52. Elhai M, Avouac J, Walker UA, et al. A gender gap in primary and secondary heart dysfunctions in systemic sclerosis: a EUSTAR prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016, 75(1): 163-169.
53. He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, et al. Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med, 2001, 161(7): 996-1002.
54. Morelli S, Sgreccia A, Ferrante L, et al. Relationships between electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Int J Cardiol, 1996, 57(2): 151-160.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review

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