Efficacy of exercise intervention on smoking cessation: a systematic review_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

 SHI Peng ¹ , SUN Jinyue ¹ , LI Chenyang ^2,3 , ZHANG Ziyun ^2,3

1. School of Physical Education and Sports Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China;
2. Institute of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, P. R. China;
3. Liaoning Key Laboratory of Sports Human Science, Dalian 116029, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

SHI Peng, Email: 1658585524@qq.com

Keywords：

Smoking cessation; Exercise; Desire to smoke; Withdrawal symptom; Meta-analysis; Systematic review

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.202111013

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To systematically review the efficacy of exercise intervention on smoking cessation. Methods CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed and EMbase databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and randomized cross controlled trials (RCDs) on exercise intervention for smoking cessation from inception to September 2021. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed using Stata 12.0 software. Results A total of 47 studies (35 RCTs and 12 RCDs) involving 5 130 subjects were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that acute exercise could significantly reduce the quitters’ desire to smoke (P<0.05), alleviate most of the withdrawal symptoms, and the effect of acute exercise was maintained for at least 30 minutes. Periodic exercise significantly reduced 7-day point abstinence and sustained abstinence rates in ex-smokers (P<0.05), and the effect of periodic exercise was maintained for at least 12 weeks, however, depression and stress were not found to be effectively relieved, and mood was not found to be significantly improved (P>0.05). Conclusion Exercise intervention to quit smoking has a positive effect, however, more high-quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.

Citation： SHI Peng, SUN Jinyue, LI Chenyang, ZHANG Ziyun. Efficacy of exercise intervention on smoking cessation: a systematic review. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2022, 22(4): 411-421. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.202111013 Copy

1.	WHO. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO, 2013: 10-12.
2.	Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al. Primary care interventions for prevention and cessation of tobacco use in children and adolescents: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA, 2020, 323(16): 1590-1599.
3.	Patanavanich R, Glantz SA. Smoking is associated with COVID-19 progression: a meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res, 2020, 22(9): 1653-1656.
4.	Cattaruzza MS, Zagà V, Gallus S, et al. Tobacco smoking and COVID-19 pandemic: old and new issues. A summary of the evidence from the scientific literature. Acta Biomed, 2020, 91(2): 106-112.
5.	WHO. Tobacco in China. Available at: https://www.who.int/china/healthtopics/tobacco.
6.	Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet, 2019, 394(10204): 1145-1158.
7.	Kumar R, Stevenson L, Jobling J, et al. Health providers’ and pregnant women’s perspectives about smoking cessation support: a COM-B analysis of a global systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Preg Child, 2021, 21(1): 1-14.
8.	Harper TM. Mechanisms behind the success of exercise as an adjunct quit smoking aid. Westyotland: Western University, 2011: 5-9.
9.	Ussher MH, Taylor A, Faulkner G. Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, (1): CD002295.
10.	Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019, (10): ED000142.
11.	Everson ES, Daley AJ, Ussher M. Does exercise have an acute effect on desire to smoke, mood and withdrawal symptoms in abstaining adolescent smokers. Addict Behav, 2006, 31(9): 1547-1558.
12.	Taylor A, Katomeri M. Walking reduces cue-elicited cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms, and delays ad libitum smoking. Nicotine Tob Res, 2007, 9(11): 1183-1190.
13.	Ussher M, West R, Doshi R, et al. Acute effect of isometric exercise on desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Hum Psychopharmacol, 2006, 21(1): 39-46.
14.	Taylor A, Katomeri M, Ussher M. Effects of walking on cigarette cravings and affect in the context of Nesbit’s paradox and the circumflex model. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 2006, 28(17): 18-31.
15.	Schneider T, Jesus SD, Prapavessis H. The effect of acute exercise on smoking topography: no evidence for cutting down one puff at a time. J Smok Cess, 2014, 10(2): 146-153.
16.	Janse Van Rensburg K, Taylor AH. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive functioning and cigarette cravings during temporary abstinence from smoking. Hum Psychopharmacol, 2008, 23(3): 193-199.
17.	Taylor AH, Katomeri M, Ussher M. Acute effects of self-paced walking on urges to smoke during temporary smoking abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2005, 181(1): 1-7.
18.	Arbour-Nicitopoulosa KP, Faulknera GE, Hsina A, et al. A pilot study examining the acute effects of exercise on cigarette cravings and affect among individuals with serious mental illness. Ment Health Phys Act, 2011, 10(4): 89-94.
19.	Scerbo F, Faulkner G, Taylor A, et al. Effects of exercise on cravings to smoke: the role of exercise intensity and cortisol. J Sports Sci, 2010, 28(1): 11-19.
20.	Everson ES, Daley AJ, Ussher M. The effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and mood in abstaining young adult smokers. Ment Health Phys Act, 2008, 10(1): 26-31.
21.	Faulkner GE, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Hsin A. Cutting down one puff at a time: the acute effects of exercise on smoking behavior. J Smok Cess, 2010, 5(2): 130-135.
22.	Kurti AN, Dallery J. A laboratory-based evaluation of exercise plus contingency management for reducing cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depen, 2014(12), 144: 201-209.
23.	Jeffries ER, Zvolensky MJ, Buckner JD. The acute impact of hatha yoga on craving among smokers attempting to reduce or quit. Nicotine Tob Res, 2020, 22(3): 446-451.
24.	Daniel JZ, Cropley M, Fife-Schaw C. Acute exercise effects on smoking withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke are not related to expectation. Psychopharmacology, 2007, 195(1): 125-129.
25.	Kurti AN, Dallery J. Effects of exercise on craving and cigarette smoking in the human laboratory. Addict Behav, 2014, 39(6): 1131-1137.
26.	Janse Van Rensburg K, Taylor A, Benattayallah A, et al. The effects of exercise on cigarette cravings and brain activation in response to smoking-related images. Psychopharmacology, 2012, 221(4): 659-666.
27.	Janse Van Rensburg K, Taylor A, Hodgson T, et al. Acute exercise modulates cigarette cravings and brain activation in response to smoking-related images: an fMRI study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2009, 203(3): 589-598.
28.	Ussher M, West R, McEwen A, et al. Efficacy of exercise counseling as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction, 2003, 98(4): 523-532.
29.	Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Hogan J, et al. The efficacy of moderate-intensity exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2005, 7(6): 871-880.
30.	Bock BC, Fava JL, Gaskins R, et al. Yoga as a complementary treatment for smoking cessation in women. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 2012, 21(2): 240-248.
31.	Williams DM, Whiteley JA, Dunsiger S, et al. Moderate intensity exercise as an adjunct to standard smoking cessation treatment for women: a pilot study. Psychol Addict Behav, 2010, 24(2): 349-354.
32.	Prapavessis H, Cameron L, Baldi JC, et al. The effects of exercise and nicotine replacement therapy on smoking rates in women. Addict Behav, 2007, 32(7): 1416-1432.
33.	Kinnunen T, Leeman RF, Korhonen T, et al. Exercise as an adjunct to nicotine gum in treating tobacco dependence among women. Nicotine Tob Res, 2008, 10(4): 689-703.
34.	梁雅, 陈希伟, 王瑞云. 运动干预在急性冠脉综合征患者戒烟治疗中的作用. 护理学杂志, 2012, 27(19): 27-29.
35.	Patten CA, Bronars CA, Vickers Douglas KS, et al. Supervised, vigorous intensity exercise intervention for depressed female smokers: a pilot study. Nicotine Tob Res, 2017, 19(1): 77-86.
36.	Marcus BH, Albrecht AE, King TK, et al. The efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med, 1999, 159(11): 1229-1234.
37.	Allen A, Carlson SC, Bosch TA, et al. High-intensity interval training and continuous aerobic exercise interventions to promote self-initiated quit attempts in young adults who smoke: feasibility, acceptability, and lessons learned from a randomized pilot trial. J Addict Med, 2018, 12(5): 373-380.
38.	Ciccolo JT, Dunsiger SI, Williams DM, et al. Resistance training as an aid to standard smoking cessation treatment: a pilot study. Nicotine Tob Res, 2011, 13(8): 756-760.
39.	Cheung YT, Lam TH, Chan CHH, et al. Brief handgrip and isometric exercise intervention for smoking cessation: a pilot randomized trial. Addict Behav, 2020, 100: 106-119.
40.	Whiteley J A, Williams DM, Dunsiger S, et al. YMCA commit to quit: randomized trial outcomes. Am J Perv Med, 2012, 43(3): 256-262.
41.	Prapavessis H, De Jesus S, Fitzgeorge L, et al. Exercise to enhance smoking cessation: the getting physical on cigarette randomized control trial. Ann Behav Med, 2016, 50(3): 358-369.
42.	Maddison R, Roberts V, McRobbie H, et al. Exercise counseling to enhance smoking cessation outcomes: the Fit2Quit randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med, 2014, 48(2): 194-204.
43.	Bize R, Willi C, Chiolero A, et al. Participation in a population-based physical activity programme as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomised trial. Tob Control, 2010, 19(6): 488-494.
44.	Bernard P, Ninot G, Cyprien F, et al. Exercise and counseling for smoking cessation in smokers with depressive symptoms: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Dual Diagn, 2015, 11(3): 205-216.
45.	Abrantes AM, Bloom EL, Strong DR, et al. A preliminary randomized controlled trial of a behavioral exercise intervention for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res, 2014, 16(8): 1094-1103.
46.	Vickers KS, Patten CA, Lewis BA, et al. Feasibility of an exercise counseling intervention for depressed women smokers. Nicotine Tob Res, 2009, 11(8): 985-995.
47.	Thompson TP, Greaves CJ, Ayres R, et al. An exploratory analysis of the smoking and physical activity outcomes from a pilot randomized controlled trial of an exercise assisted reduction to stop smoking intervention in disadvantaged groups. Nicotine Tob Res, 2015, 18(3): 289-297.
48.	Gorini G, Carreras G, Giordano L, et al. The Pap smear screening as an occasion for smoking cessation and physical activity counseling: effectiveness of the SPRINT randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 2012, 12(1): 1-6.
49.	Dunsiger S, Emerson JA, Ussher M, et al. Exercise as a smoking cessation treatment for women: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med, 2021, 44(6): 794-802.
50.	Martin JE, Calfas KJ, Patten CA, et al. Prospective evaluation of three smoking interventions in 205 recovering alcoholics: one-year results of Project SCRAP-Tobacco. J Consult Clin Psych, 1997, 65(1): 190-195.
51.	Marcus BH, Albrecht AE, Niaura RS, et al. Exercise enhances the maintenance of smoking cessation in women. Addict Behav, 1995, 20(1): 87-92.
52.	Ussher M, West R, McEwen A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling as an aid to smoking cessation: 12 month follow-up. Addict Behav, 2007, 32(12): 3060-3064.
53.	Borrelli B, Hogan JW, Bock B, et al. Predictors of quitting and dropout among women in a clinic-based smoking cessation program. Psychol Addict Behav, 2002, 16(1): 22-27.
54.	West R, Hajek P. Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS) to assess cigarette withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2004, 177(1-2): 195-199.
55.	刘振铎, 孙辉, 张健, 等. 运动干预戒烟的系统解析: 手段, 路径与效果. 中国体育科技, 2019, 55(11): 12-20.
56.	Taylor AH, Ussher MH, Faulkner G. The acute effects of exercise on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms, affect and smoking behaviour: a systematic review. Addiction, 2007, 102(4): 534-543.
57.	Williams DM, Ussher M, Dunsiger S, et al. Overcoming limitations in previous research on exercise as a smoking cessation treatment: rationale and design of the "Quit for Health" trial. Contemp Clin Trials, 2014, 37(1): 33-42.
58.	Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Firth J, et al. Physical activity and incident depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Psychiatry, 2018, 175(7): 631-648.
59.	Loprinzi PD, Frith E. Protective and therapeutic effects of exercise on stress-induced memory impairment. J Physiol Sci, 2019, 69(1): 1-12.
60.	冯永辉. 青少年压力与吸烟行为的关系: 应对方式的中介作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2016, 24(1): 77-80.
61.	晏明霞, 唐程梦, 张强, 等. 四川资中县农村中学生新发吸烟行为影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2021, 48(15): 2797-2801.
62.	张沐钦, 周燕玲, 詹妍妮, 等. 未治疗抑郁症患者吸烟与抑郁症状及认知功能关系. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2020, 46(8): 476-480.
63.	Tiffany ST. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychol Rev, 1990, 97(2): 147-168.
64.	Matenchuk BA, James M, Skow RJ, et al. Longitudinal study of cerebral blood flow regulation during exercise in pregnancy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2020, 40(11): 2278-2288.
65.	Durazzo TC, Mattsson N, Weiner MW, et al. Smoking and increased Alzheimer's disease risk: a review of potential mechanisms. Alzheimers Dement, 2014, 10(3 Suppl): S122-S145.
66.	Morais APD, Pita IR, Fontes-Ribeiro CA, et al. The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2018, 24(2): 85-97.
67.	Monroe DC, Patel NR, McCully KK, et al. The effects of exercise on mood and prefrontal brain responses to emotional scenes in smokers. Physiol Behav, 2020, 213: 112721.
68.	Kaczynski AT, Manske SR, Mannell RC, et al. Smoking and physical activity: a systematic review. Am J Health Behav, 2008, 32(1): 93-110.

1. WHO. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO, 2013: 10-12.
2. Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al. Primary care interventions for prevention and cessation of tobacco use in children and adolescents: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA, 2020, 323(16): 1590-1599.
3. Patanavanich R, Glantz SA. Smoking is associated with COVID-19 progression: a meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res, 2020, 22(9): 1653-1656.
4. Cattaruzza MS, Zagà V, Gallus S, et al. Tobacco smoking and COVID-19 pandemic: old and new issues. A summary of the evidence from the scientific literature. Acta Biomed, 2020, 91(2): 106-112.
5. WHO. Tobacco in China. Available at: https://www.who.int/china/healthtopics/tobacco.
6. Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet, 2019, 394(10204): 1145-1158.
7. Kumar R, Stevenson L, Jobling J, et al. Health providers’ and pregnant women’s perspectives about smoking cessation support: a COM-B analysis of a global systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Preg Child, 2021, 21(1): 1-14.
8. Harper TM. Mechanisms behind the success of exercise as an adjunct quit smoking aid. Westyotland: Western University, 2011: 5-9.
9. Ussher MH, Taylor A, Faulkner G. Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, (1): CD002295.
10. Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019, (10): ED000142.
11. Everson ES, Daley AJ, Ussher M. Does exercise have an acute effect on desire to smoke, mood and withdrawal symptoms in abstaining adolescent smokers. Addict Behav, 2006, 31(9): 1547-1558.
12. Taylor A, Katomeri M. Walking reduces cue-elicited cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms, and delays ad libitum smoking. Nicotine Tob Res, 2007, 9(11): 1183-1190.
13. Ussher M, West R, Doshi R, et al. Acute effect of isometric exercise on desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Hum Psychopharmacol, 2006, 21(1): 39-46.
14. Taylor A, Katomeri M, Ussher M. Effects of walking on cigarette cravings and affect in the context of Nesbit’s paradox and the circumflex model. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 2006, 28(17): 18-31.
15. Schneider T, Jesus SD, Prapavessis H. The effect of acute exercise on smoking topography: no evidence for cutting down one puff at a time. J Smok Cess, 2014, 10(2): 146-153.
16. Janse Van Rensburg K, Taylor AH. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive functioning and cigarette cravings during temporary abstinence from smoking. Hum Psychopharmacol, 2008, 23(3): 193-199.
17. Taylor AH, Katomeri M, Ussher M. Acute effects of self-paced walking on urges to smoke during temporary smoking abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2005, 181(1): 1-7.
18. Arbour-Nicitopoulosa KP, Faulknera GE, Hsina A, et al. A pilot study examining the acute effects of exercise on cigarette cravings and affect among individuals with serious mental illness. Ment Health Phys Act, 2011, 10(4): 89-94.
19. Scerbo F, Faulkner G, Taylor A, et al. Effects of exercise on cravings to smoke: the role of exercise intensity and cortisol. J Sports Sci, 2010, 28(1): 11-19.
20. Everson ES, Daley AJ, Ussher M. The effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and mood in abstaining young adult smokers. Ment Health Phys Act, 2008, 10(1): 26-31.
21. Faulkner GE, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Hsin A. Cutting down one puff at a time: the acute effects of exercise on smoking behavior. J Smok Cess, 2010, 5(2): 130-135.
22. Kurti AN, Dallery J. A laboratory-based evaluation of exercise plus contingency management for reducing cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depen, 2014(12), 144: 201-209.
23. Jeffries ER, Zvolensky MJ, Buckner JD. The acute impact of hatha yoga on craving among smokers attempting to reduce or quit. Nicotine Tob Res, 2020, 22(3): 446-451.
24. Daniel JZ, Cropley M, Fife-Schaw C. Acute exercise effects on smoking withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke are not related to expectation. Psychopharmacology, 2007, 195(1): 125-129.
25. Kurti AN, Dallery J. Effects of exercise on craving and cigarette smoking in the human laboratory. Addict Behav, 2014, 39(6): 1131-1137.
26. Janse Van Rensburg K, Taylor A, Benattayallah A, et al. The effects of exercise on cigarette cravings and brain activation in response to smoking-related images. Psychopharmacology, 2012, 221(4): 659-666.
27. Janse Van Rensburg K, Taylor A, Hodgson T, et al. Acute exercise modulates cigarette cravings and brain activation in response to smoking-related images: an fMRI study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2009, 203(3): 589-598.
28. Ussher M, West R, McEwen A, et al. Efficacy of exercise counseling as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction, 2003, 98(4): 523-532.
29. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Hogan J, et al. The efficacy of moderate-intensity exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2005, 7(6): 871-880.
30. Bock BC, Fava JL, Gaskins R, et al. Yoga as a complementary treatment for smoking cessation in women. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 2012, 21(2): 240-248.
31. Williams DM, Whiteley JA, Dunsiger S, et al. Moderate intensity exercise as an adjunct to standard smoking cessation treatment for women: a pilot study. Psychol Addict Behav, 2010, 24(2): 349-354.
32. Prapavessis H, Cameron L, Baldi JC, et al. The effects of exercise and nicotine replacement therapy on smoking rates in women. Addict Behav, 2007, 32(7): 1416-1432.
33. Kinnunen T, Leeman RF, Korhonen T, et al. Exercise as an adjunct to nicotine gum in treating tobacco dependence among women. Nicotine Tob Res, 2008, 10(4): 689-703.
34. 梁雅, 陈希伟, 王瑞云. 运动干预在急性冠脉综合征患者戒烟治疗中的作用. 护理学杂志, 2012, 27(19): 27-29.
35. Patten CA, Bronars CA, Vickers Douglas KS, et al. Supervised, vigorous intensity exercise intervention for depressed female smokers: a pilot study. Nicotine Tob Res, 2017, 19(1): 77-86.
36. Marcus BH, Albrecht AE, King TK, et al. The efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med, 1999, 159(11): 1229-1234.
37. Allen A, Carlson SC, Bosch TA, et al. High-intensity interval training and continuous aerobic exercise interventions to promote self-initiated quit attempts in young adults who smoke: feasibility, acceptability, and lessons learned from a randomized pilot trial. J Addict Med, 2018, 12(5): 373-380.
38. Ciccolo JT, Dunsiger SI, Williams DM, et al. Resistance training as an aid to standard smoking cessation treatment: a pilot study. Nicotine Tob Res, 2011, 13(8): 756-760.
39. Cheung YT, Lam TH, Chan CHH, et al. Brief handgrip and isometric exercise intervention for smoking cessation: a pilot randomized trial. Addict Behav, 2020, 100: 106-119.
40. Whiteley J A, Williams DM, Dunsiger S, et al. YMCA commit to quit: randomized trial outcomes. Am J Perv Med, 2012, 43(3): 256-262.
41. Prapavessis H, De Jesus S, Fitzgeorge L, et al. Exercise to enhance smoking cessation: the getting physical on cigarette randomized control trial. Ann Behav Med, 2016, 50(3): 358-369.
42. Maddison R, Roberts V, McRobbie H, et al. Exercise counseling to enhance smoking cessation outcomes: the Fit2Quit randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med, 2014, 48(2): 194-204.
43. Bize R, Willi C, Chiolero A, et al. Participation in a population-based physical activity programme as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomised trial. Tob Control, 2010, 19(6): 488-494.
44. Bernard P, Ninot G, Cyprien F, et al. Exercise and counseling for smoking cessation in smokers with depressive symptoms: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Dual Diagn, 2015, 11(3): 205-216.
45. Abrantes AM, Bloom EL, Strong DR, et al. A preliminary randomized controlled trial of a behavioral exercise intervention for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res, 2014, 16(8): 1094-1103.
46. Vickers KS, Patten CA, Lewis BA, et al. Feasibility of an exercise counseling intervention for depressed women smokers. Nicotine Tob Res, 2009, 11(8): 985-995.
47. Thompson TP, Greaves CJ, Ayres R, et al. An exploratory analysis of the smoking and physical activity outcomes from a pilot randomized controlled trial of an exercise assisted reduction to stop smoking intervention in disadvantaged groups. Nicotine Tob Res, 2015, 18(3): 289-297.
48. Gorini G, Carreras G, Giordano L, et al. The Pap smear screening as an occasion for smoking cessation and physical activity counseling: effectiveness of the SPRINT randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 2012, 12(1): 1-6.
49. Dunsiger S, Emerson JA, Ussher M, et al. Exercise as a smoking cessation treatment for women: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med, 2021, 44(6): 794-802.
50. Martin JE, Calfas KJ, Patten CA, et al. Prospective evaluation of three smoking interventions in 205 recovering alcoholics: one-year results of Project SCRAP-Tobacco. J Consult Clin Psych, 1997, 65(1): 190-195.
51. Marcus BH, Albrecht AE, Niaura RS, et al. Exercise enhances the maintenance of smoking cessation in women. Addict Behav, 1995, 20(1): 87-92.
52. Ussher M, West R, McEwen A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling as an aid to smoking cessation: 12 month follow-up. Addict Behav, 2007, 32(12): 3060-3064.
53. Borrelli B, Hogan JW, Bock B, et al. Predictors of quitting and dropout among women in a clinic-based smoking cessation program. Psychol Addict Behav, 2002, 16(1): 22-27.
54. West R, Hajek P. Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS) to assess cigarette withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2004, 177(1-2): 195-199.
55. 刘振铎, 孙辉, 张健, 等. 运动干预戒烟的系统解析: 手段, 路径与效果. 中国体育科技, 2019, 55(11): 12-20.
56. Taylor AH, Ussher MH, Faulkner G. The acute effects of exercise on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms, affect and smoking behaviour: a systematic review. Addiction, 2007, 102(4): 534-543.
57. Williams DM, Ussher M, Dunsiger S, et al. Overcoming limitations in previous research on exercise as a smoking cessation treatment: rationale and design of the "Quit for Health" trial. Contemp Clin Trials, 2014, 37(1): 33-42.
58. Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Firth J, et al. Physical activity and incident depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Psychiatry, 2018, 175(7): 631-648.
59. Loprinzi PD, Frith E. Protective and therapeutic effects of exercise on stress-induced memory impairment. J Physiol Sci, 2019, 69(1): 1-12.
60. 冯永辉. 青少年压力与吸烟行为的关系: 应对方式的中介作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2016, 24(1): 77-80.
61. 晏明霞, 唐程梦, 张强, 等. 四川资中县农村中学生新发吸烟行为影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2021, 48(15): 2797-2801.
62. 张沐钦, 周燕玲, 詹妍妮, 等. 未治疗抑郁症患者吸烟与抑郁症状及认知功能关系. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2020, 46(8): 476-480.
63. Tiffany ST. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychol Rev, 1990, 97(2): 147-168.
64. Matenchuk BA, James M, Skow RJ, et al. Longitudinal study of cerebral blood flow regulation during exercise in pregnancy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2020, 40(11): 2278-2288.
65. Durazzo TC, Mattsson N, Weiner MW, et al. Smoking and increased Alzheimer's disease risk: a review of potential mechanisms. Alzheimers Dement, 2014, 10(3 Suppl): S122-S145.
66. Morais APD, Pita IR, Fontes-Ribeiro CA, et al. The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2018, 24(2): 85-97.
67. Monroe DC, Patel NR, McCully KK, et al. The effects of exercise on mood and prefrontal brain responses to emotional scenes in smokers. Physiol Behav, 2020, 213: 112721.
68. Kaczynski AT, Manske SR, Mannell RC, et al. Smoking and physical activity: a systematic review. Am J Health Behav, 2008, 32(1): 93-110.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Efficacy of exercise intervention on smoking cessation: a systematic review

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