Application of Mendelian randomization analysis on cancer prevention and treatment research_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

HUANG Danqi ¹ , BAI Yang ² , WANG Huilin ¹ ,  ZHAI Jingbo ³ , YANG Min ⁴ , TIAN Jinhui ^5,6 ,  LI Jiang ¹

1. Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P. R. China;
2. College of Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China;
3. School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China;
4. Comprehensive Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P. R. China;
5. Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;
6. Key Laboratory of Evidence-Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHAI Jingbo, Email: zhaijingbo@foxmail.com; LI Jiang, Email: lij@cicams.ac.cn

Keywords：

Mendelian randomization; Cancer; Precision prevention and treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.202405049

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

How to accurately identify factors of cancer occurrence and to provide intervention early are the key issues that urgently needs to be addressed in cancer prevention and treatment. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis uses genetic variants as instrument variables for exposures of interest, which compensates the shortcomings of traditional observational studies and clinical trials. This review introduced the current application status of MR analysis on cancer etiology and treatment researches in details, including assessment of cancer risk factors, exploration of cancer treatment targets, and evaluation of drug efficiency and adverse reactions. The scopes and dimensions of cancer etiology and treatment researches are greatly expanded because of various MR designs and abundant high-level omics data. As well, it provides a practical and feasible method for constructing cancer etiology networks and drug targeted databases, which are promising for supporting the development of precision cancer prevention and treatment.

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1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3): 229-263.
2. World Health Organization. Global health estimates 2020: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000-2019.
3. Yengo L, Sidorenko J, Kemper KE, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ~700000 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet, 2018, 27(20): 3641-3649.
4. Chen J, Spracklen CN, Marenne G, et al. The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits. Nat Genet, 2021, 53(6): 840-860.
5. Lindström S, Wang L, Feng H, et al. Genome-wide analyses characterize shared heritability among cancers and identify novel cancer susceptibility regions. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2023, 115(6): 712-732.
6. Birney E. Mendelian randomization. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2022, 12(4): a041302.
7. Ference BA, Holmes MV, Smith GD. Using Mendelian randomization to improve the design of randomized trials. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2021, 11(7): a040980.
8. Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JA, et al. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Stat Med, 2008, 27(8): 1133-1163.
9. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 2004, 83: 1-1438.
10. Larsson SC, Burgess S. Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. EBioMedicine, 2022, 82: 104154.
11. Bowden SJ, Doulgeraki T, Bouras E, et al. Risk factors for human papillomavirus infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer: an umbrella review and follow-up Mendelian randomisation studies. BMC Med, 2023, 21(1): 274.
12. Larsson SC, Carter P, Kar S, et al. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and cancer: a Mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank and international genetic consortia participants. PLoS Med, 2020, 17(7): e1003178.
13. Liu S, Feng S, Du F, et al. Association of smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption with the risk of ovarian cancer and prognosis: a mendelian randomization study. BMC Cancer, 2023, 23(1): 256.
14. Fukushima Y, Takahashi Y, Kishimoto Y, et al. Consumption of polyphenols in coffee and green tea alleviates skin photoaging in healthy Japanese women. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol, 2020, 13: 165-172.
15. Hashimoto T, He Z, Ma WY, et al. Caffeine inhibits cell proliferation by G0/G1 phase arrest in JB6 cells. Cancer Res, 2004, 64(9): 3344-3349.
16. Carter P, Yuan S, Kar S, et al. Coffee consumption and cancer risk: a Mendelian randomisation study. Clin Nutr, 2022, 41(10): 2113-2123.
17. Ellingjord-Dale M, Papadimitriou N, Katsoulis M, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of breast cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One, 2021, 16(1): e0236904.
18. Lumsden AL, Mulugeta A, Hyppönen E. Milk consumption and risk of twelve cancers: a large-scale observational and Mendelian randomisation study. Clin Nutr, 2023, 42(1): 1-8.
19. Larsson SC, Mason AM, Kar S, et al. Genetically proxied milk consumption and risk of colorectal, bladder, breast, and prostate cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med, 2020, 18(1): 370.
20. Ong JS, Derks EM, Eriksson M, et al. Evaluating the role of alcohol consumption in breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility using population-based cohort studies and two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses. Int J Cancer, 2021, 148(6): 1338-1350.
21. Rumgay H, Shield K, Charvat H, et al. Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol, 2021, 22(8): 1071-1080.
22. Richmond RC, Anderson EL, Dashti HS, et al. Investigating causal relations between sleep traits and risk of breast cancer in women: Mendelian randomisation study. BMJ, 2019, 365: l2327.
23. Yang X, Wang J, Wang H. Association between sleep traits and primary liver cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Eur J Clin Invest, 2023, 53(8): e14002.
24. Wang J, Tang H, Duan Y, et al. Association between sleep traits and lung cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. J Immunol Res, 2021, 2021: 1893882.
25. Yuan S, Mason AM, Titova OE, et al. Morning chronotype and digestive tract cancers: Mendelian randomization study. Int J Cancer, 2023, 152(4): 697-704.
26. Titova OE, Michaëlsson K, Vithayathil M, et al. Sleep duration and risk of overall and 22 site-specific cancers: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Cancer, 2021, 148(4): 914-920.
27. Chan II, Kwok MK, Schooling CM. Blood pressure and risk of cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Cancer, 2021, 21(1): 1338.
28. Qu Y, Chen L, Guo S, et al. Genetic liability to multiple factors and uterine leiomyoma risk: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1133260.
29. Lu Y, Gentiluomo M, Lorenzo-Bermejo J, et al. Mendelian randomisation study of the effects of known and putative risk factors on pancreatic cancer. J Med Genet, 2020, 57(12): 820-828.
30. Au Yeung SL, Schooling CM. Impact of glycemic traits, type 2 diabetes and metformin use on breast and prostate cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2019, 7(1): e000872.
31. Yang H, Dai H, Li L, et al. Age at menarche and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization study. Cancer Med, 2019, 8(8): 4012-4022.
32. Lu Y, Tang H, Huang P, et al. Assessment of causal effects of visceral adipose tissue on risk of cancers: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol, 2022, 51(4): 1204-1218.
33. Cornish AJ, Law PJ, Timofeeva M, et al. Modifiable pathways for colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 5(1): 55-62.
34. Vithayathil M, Carter P, Kar S, et al. Body size and composition and risk of site-specific cancers in the UK Biobank and large international consortia: a Mendelian randomisation study. PLoS Med, 2021, 18(7): e1003706.
35. Lu L, Wan B, Zeng H, et al. Body mass index and the risk of basal cell carcinoma: evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis. PeerJ, 2023, 11: e14781.
36. Gui L, He X, Tang L, et al. Obesity and head and neck cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med Genomics, 2023, 16(1): 200.
37. Jarvis D, Mitchell JS, Law PJ, et al. Mendelian randomisation analysis strongly implicates adiposity with risk of developing colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer, 2016, 115(2): 266-272.
38. Henson DE, Block G, Levine M. Ascorbic acid: biologic functions and relation to cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1991, 83(8): 547-550.
39. Villagran M, Ferreira J, Martorell M, et al. The role of vitamin c in cancer prevention and therapy: a literature review. Antioxidants (Basel), 2021, 10(12): 1894.
40. Yin L, Yan H, Chen K, et al. Diet-derived circulating antioxidants and risk of digestive system tumors: a Mendelian randomization study. Nutrients, 2022, 14(16): 3274.
41. Larsson SC, Mason AM, Vithayathil M, et al. Circulating vitamin C and digestive system cancers: Mendelian randomization study. Clin Nutr, 2022, 41(9): 2031-2035.
42. Zhang X, Zhao H, Man J, et al. Investigating causal associations of diet-derived circulating antioxidants with the risk of digestive system cancers: a Mendelian randomization study. Nutrients, 2022, 14(15): 3237.
43. Dimitrakopoulou VI, Tsilidis KK, Haycock PC, et al. Circulating vitamin D concentration and risk of seven cancers: Mendelian randomisation study. BMJ, 2017, 359: j4761.
44. Chen X, Song S, Shi J, et al. Evaluating the effect of body mass index and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D level on basal cell carcinoma using Mendelian randomization. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1): 16552.
45. Ong JS, Gharahkhani P, An J, et al. Vitamin D and overall cancer risk and cancer mortality: a Mendelian randomization study. Hum Mol Genet, 2018, 27(24): 4315-4322.
46. He Y, Zhang X, Timofeeva M, et al. Bidirectional Mendelian randomisation analysis of the relationship between circulating vitamin D concentration and colorectal cancer risk. Int J Cancer, 2022, 150(2): 303-307.
47. Dong J, Gharahkhani P, Chow WH, et al. No association between vitamin d status and risk of Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma: a Mendelian randomization study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 17(11): 2227-2235.
48. Dai Y, Chen Y, Pu Y, et al. Circulating vitamin D concentration and risk of 14 cancers: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2023, 149(17): 15457-15467.
49. Wang Y, Jia Z, Wang Q, et al. Amino acids and risk of colon adenocarcinoma: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Cancer, 2023, 23(1): 1041.
50. Xu H, Wang X, Xu X, et al. Association of plasma branched-chain amino acid with multiple cancers: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Clin Nutr, 2023, 42(12): 2493-2502.
51. Kong X, Yu J, Zhu Z, et al. Causal associations of histidine and 12 site-specific cancers: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Mol Genet Genomics, 2023, 298(6): 1331-1341.
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