ObjectiveTo summarize the research status of mandibular sensory dysfunction after transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA), and explore its potential treatment methods and existing problems, and provide ideas and methods for future clinical treatments or research. MethodThe domestic and foreign literatures about peripheral nerve injury and its treatment after TOETVA were searched and reviewed. ResultsMental nerve injury was considered to be the main cause of mandibular sensory dysfunction after TOETVA. Due to the lack of unified definitions and assessment standards, the true incidence remained unclear. In order to reduce the risk of mental nerve injury, methods such as exposing the mental nerve and combining vestibular approaches during surgery had certain advantages. In terms of treatment, several methods promoting nerve repair were noteworthy, including B vitamins, nerve growth factors, physical therapy and so on. In addition, some auxiliary treatments of Traditional Chinese Medicine also showed effectiveness in promoting nerve regeneration. ConclusionsIt is essential to avoid damage to the mental nerve and mandibular tissues during surgery. For patients with significant complaints postoperatively, active treatment should be pursued. Establishing objective and quantifiable standards for evaluating mandibular sensory dysfunction and seeking effective clinical plans through a multidisciplinary approach may be the direction for future research.
ObjectiveTo explore the in vitro anti-tumor effect of clove extracts (CEs) on radioresistant esophageal cancer cell KYSER and its mechanism.MethodsEthanol extracts of clove bud were prepared. Gas chromatography was used to identify the main active components of CEs. In vitro cell culture method was used to observe the effect of CEs at different concentrations on KYSER cell growth. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method was used to detect the effect of different concentration CEs on KYSER’s survival and its’ manner. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe the changes of KYSER’s organelle microstructure after CEs treated. Transwell chamber method was used to detect the impact of CEs on KYSER’s migration ability. The apoptosis rate and cell cycle distribution of KYSER treated by CEs were quantitatively determined by flow cytometry. Clone formation experiment was used to detect the clone formation ability of KYSER treaded by CEs.ResultsThe main components of CEs were eugenol, eugenol hydrocarbon, and eugenol acetate. In vitro cell culture showed that 0.4% CEs could inhibit KYSER growth. MTT assay showed that the concentration of CEs≥0.5% could inhibit the survival of KYSER in a dose-dependent manner. TEM assay showed that after treated by 0.5% CEs, KYSER’s microvilli became shorter and wider, ribosomes in the cytoplasm decreased, mitochondria atrophied, and a large number of autophagosomes were formed. Transwell migration assay showed that relative migration rates of KYSER after treated by 0.5% CEs and 0.6% CEs were (65±4)% and (41±3)%, respectively. Compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rates of the control group, the 0.5% CEs treated group, and the 0.6% CEs treated group were (5.63±0.50)%, (11.77±0.42)%, and (19.44±0.19)%, respectively, and the differences between the control group and the two CEs treated groups were statistically significant (P<0.001). Flow cytometry showed that the G1 phase ratios of cells in the control group, the 0.5% CEs treatment group, and the 0.6% CEs treatment group were (61.99±1.20)%, (75.38±1.50)%, and (78.81±1.00)%, respectively, and the differences between the control group and the two CEs treated groups were statistically significant (P<0.001). The clonal formation experiment showed that after 24 h of CEs treatment, the clonal formation rates of the control group, the 0.5% CEs treatment group, and the 0.6% CEs treatment group were (80.5±1.0)%, (18.1±0.8)%, and (5.0±0.5)%, respectively, and the differences between the control group and the two CEs treated groups were statistically significant (P<0.001).ConclusionCEs can exert anti-tumor effect on radioresistant esophageal cancer cells by inducing autophagy and apoptosis, promoting cell cycle arrest, inhibiting cell energy metabolism, and inhibiting migration.