Esophageal cancer is a common gastrointestinal cancer，and the incidence in China is the highest in the world. Esophagectomy represents the gold standard for patients with resectable esophageal cancer，but postoperative morbidity and mortality rates remain high. In recent years，there have been many reports on the pathogenesis of morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy without reaching any concrete conclusion. This review focuses on the pathogenesis，prophylaxis and therapeuticsof pulmonary infection after esophageal cancer resection．
The bone marrow mononuclear cell（BMMNC） subset comprises mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells. These cells can differentiate into cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and they can also release a wide array of cytokines that exert their effects on surrounding cells, including inducing neovascularization, preventing apoptosis of home cells and homing of endogenous systemic repairing cells. Many trials have been developed to evaluate the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in treating ischemia heart diseases in this country and others. Several routes have been used to deliver these cells to human myocardium or to the coronary circulation in these trials, such as intracoronary injection, intravenous infusion, direct injection into the ventricular wall, or transepicardial/transendocardial infusions，and the cells are constructed into fragmented cell sheets to improve cell retention, or some cytokines are used to enhance therapeutic effect. Although the results of the recent clinical trials in this area are rather conflicting, these therapeutic approaches seem to be promising forthe treatment of ischemic heart disease. In this review, many aspects of bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in myocardial infarction are summarized such as the mechanism, delivery routes, retaining of cells, homing, survival and future development, etc.