目的 评价不同外科手术治疗肝脏囊性占位的临床疗效以及不同外科治疗策略的优缺点。 方法 对1998年1月－2011年12月收治的肝囊性占位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。共纳入148例患者，其中单纯性肝囊肿患者86例（单发35例，多发51例），多囊肝病患者62例。43.9%（65/148）患者行腹腔镜囊肿开窗治疗，27.0%（40/148）患者行开腹囊肿开窗术，21.6%（32/148）的患者行经皮囊肿穿刺及硬化剂注入术，另有7.4%（11/148）患者行开腹肝部分切除联合囊肿开窗术。 结果 经过手术治疗后，患者症状缓解率高达100.0%；术中患者出血量以经皮囊肿穿刺及硬化剂注入术最少，而以开腹肝部分切除联合囊肿开窗术最多。对于单纯性肝囊肿单发患者，不同手术治疗后均未出现症状复发；对于单纯性肝囊肿多发患者，肝部分切除联合囊肿开窗术治疗未出现症状复发，而经皮囊肿穿刺及硬化剂注入、腹腔镜囊肿开窗和开腹囊肿开窗治疗则分别有3、4、2例患者发生症状或影像学复发，总复发率为17.6%(9/51)；对于多囊肝病患者，经皮囊肿穿刺及硬化剂注入、腹腔镜囊肿开窗、开腹开窗和肝部分切除联合囊肿开窗治疗则分别有2、7、3和2例患者发生症状或影像学复发，总复发率为22.6%（14/62）。 结论 目前常用治疗方式对于单纯性肝囊肿单发患者疗效均理想，但对于单纯性多发肝囊肿和多囊肝病患者远期效果均尚不理想。
The cardiovascular surgery in China has reached a stable platform, with notable progress been achieved in the past several decades. However, significant divergency regarding the healthcare quality was also observed, which requiring effective intervention to start the transition from the focus on "quantity" to the pursuit of "quality". Quality improvement program, including the establishment of a national cardiovascular surgery database, the conformation of a standard key quality evaluation indicator system, and the conduction of quality intervention and improvement initiatives, are promising to consolidate and expand the advantages of cardiac surgery and lead to better patient outcomes.
In recent years, clinical trial research on stroke intervention measures has been developing rapidly. In order to provide reliable conclusions, the outcome assessment of clinical trials is crucial. Tools for functional status evaluation have been widely adopted as outcome assessment, and have become mandatory for qualified clinical trials of stroke treatment. In this paper, the classification of functional assessment scales in stroke is reviewed, and the applications of functional assessment scales in clinical trials of stroke treatment are presented. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, Barthel Index, and modified Rankin Scale are the top three frequently applied assessment scales in stroke trials. Also, their validity, reliability, responsiveness, and feasibility are described. Furthermore, analytical methods used to assess those functional assessments are highly heterogenous, while dichotomy of scale score is the most widely used. Although there is no consensus on designation of the functional assessment time, three-month is the most popular, reliable, and feasible choice in stroke trails.
With the transformation of modern medical models, patient-reported outcomes, clinician-reported outcomes, observer-reported outcomes, and performance outcomes have become internationally recognized clinical outcome assessment indicators, and scales have also become important evaluation tools, among which translation and cross-cultural adaptation are one of the important sources of scales. However, at present, there are fewer guidelines for scale translation in China. At present, domestic scale translation has not yet been unified and standardized in clinical reporting. Most translation reports provide readers with incomplete information, which affects the development of scale translation, and the methodology related to the translation of clinical outcome assessment scales still focuses on patient-reported outcome scales, which creates a gap in terms of the recommendations for the rest of the types of translations, a gap which leads to inconsistencies in the translation methodology and process. In this paper, we will develop specific translation methods and processes for each of the four current types of clinical outcome assessments by combining scale translation guidelines to support a standardized approach to translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and linguistic validation for use in standardizing the process of recommending translations of patient-reported outcome scales, clinical-reported outcome scales, observer-reported outcome scales, and behavioral outcome scales.