Objective To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of thoracic epidural analesis (TEA) for postoperative complications after cardiac surgery. Methods Such databases as PubMed, Science Citation Index, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI and CBM were electronically searched from inception to October 2012 for collecting the randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness and safety of thoracic epidural analgesisa for postoperative complications after cardiac surgery. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.1 software. Results Totally 14 studies were eligible, involving 1 942 patients. The results of meta-analysis showed that, TEA combined with general anesthesia (GA) was superior to GA alone in reducing the incidences of myocardial ischemia/infarction (RR=0.63, 95%CI 0.41 to 0.96, P=0.03), respiratory complications (RR=0.55, 95%CI 0.40 to 0.75, P=0.000 1), supraventricular arrhythmias (RR=0.64, 95%CI 0.47 to 0.88, P=0.005), and duration of mechanical ventilation (MD= –2.15, 95%CI –3.72 to –0.58, P=0.007), with significant differences. Conclusions Current evidence shows that, TEA after surgery is effective in reducing the incidences of myocardial ischemia/infarction, respiratory complications, supraventricular arrhythmias, and duration of mechanical ventilation. There is the lack of data on the adverse events of TEA (mainly referring to epidural hematoma). Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, patients’ conditions should be fully considered before applying TEA in clinical practice.
Objective To systematically evaluate effectiveness, dosage and adverse reaction of sufentanil versus fentanyl for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA), so as to provide evidence for rational drug use in clinic. Methods Databases including The Cochrane Library, the special trials registered in the Cochrane anesthesia group, MEDLINE, EMbase, CBM, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data were searched by the end of 2012, and the relevant periodicals were also manually searched to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on sufentanil versus fentanyl for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. According to the Cochrane Handbook 5.0, literature was screened, data were extracted, and quality of the included studies was critically assessed. Then meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.1 software. Results A total of 25 RCTs involving 1 944 patients were included. The results of meta-analyses showed that: a) as for visual analog scale (VAS), compared with the fentanyl group, the postoperative VAS at 2-hour, 4-hour, 8-hour, 12-hour, 24-hour and 48-hour was decreased in the sufentanil group; b) as for sedation scale, the fentanyl group, the postoperative sedation at 12-hour and 24-hour was lower in the sufentanil group when adopting 0 to 3 points scoring method, but there were no significant differences at other time points; c) as for drug dosage, compared with the fentanyl group, the postoperative drug consumption at 24-hour and 48-hour was less in the sufentanil group; d) as for adverse reaction, the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, dizziness and somnolence in the sufentanil group was lower than those in the fentanyl group. But there was no significant difference in other adverse reactions such as skin itching, limbs numbness and motor disturbance between the two groups; and e) as for the demands of additional analgesic drugs, compared with the fentanyl group, the incidence of demanding additional analgesic drugs was lower in the sufentanil group. Conclusion Compared with fentanyl, sufentanil has better effects of analgesia and sedation for PCEA; Its dosage and incidence of adverse reactions are lower, so sufentanil is safer in clinic.
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of COX inhibitor flurbiprofen axetil in relieving propofol injection pain and preemptive analgesia after general anesthesia. Methods Databases such as PubMed, CBM, Springer, Ovid, CNKI and ISI were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about flurbiprofen axetil in relieving propofol injection pain and preemptive analgesia after general anesthesia published from 2000 to 2010. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was assessed and the data were extracted according to the Cochrane Handbook 5.0.1. Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 4.2.10 software. Results A total of 15 RCTs involving 1 425 patients were included. The results of meta-analyses showed that: a) Relieving propofol injection pain: Compared with the placebo group, flurbiprofen axetil could prevent the propofol injection pain (RR=3.13, 95%CI 1.08 to 9.11, P=0.04), and relieve the moderate and severe pain in injecting propofol (RR=0.57, 95%CI 0.40 to 0.81, P=0.002; RR=0.14, 95%CI 0.05 to 0.34, Plt;0.000 1, respectively), but there were no significant differences in relieving mild pain between the two groups; b) Preemptive analgesia: the visual analog scale (VAS) of post-operation at 2-hour (WMD= –2.25, 95%CI –4.20 to –0.29, P=0.02), 4-hour (WMD= –1.99, 95%CI –3.19 to –0.79, P=0.001), 8-hour (WMD= –1.39, 95%CI –1.86 to –0.93, Plt;0.000 01) and 12-hour (WMD= –2.70, 95%CI –4.73 to –0.68, P=0.009) was decreased when flurbiprofen axetil was injected before the operation, but there were no significant differences in VAS of post-operation at 48-hour between the two groups. When flurbiprofen axetil was injected at the end of the operation, VAS of post-operation at 12-hour (WMD= –0.94, 95%CI –1.73 to –0.16, P=0.02) was decreased, but there were no significant differences in VAS of post-operation at 24-hour between the two groups; flurbiprofen axetil could lessen the need for opioid analgesics (RR=0.47, 95%CI 0.27 to 0.82, P=0.008); and c) Safety: there were no significant differences in postoperative nausea, vomit and somnolence between the two groups. Conclusion Flurbiprofen axetil can significantly prevent or relieve the propofol injection pain; flurbiprofen axetil injected before operation can relieve post-operative pain at 2-, 4-, 8- and 12-hour; flurbiprofen axetil injected at the end of the operation can relieve post-operative pain at 12-hour. Yet more RCTs are required to discuss its effects on nausea, vomit and somnolence.
【摘要】 目的 探讨术中应用曲马多、芬太尼对全麻苏醒期镇痛效果的影响。 方法 2009年10月-2010年4月将80例静脉麻醉下行胃癌根治术的患者随机分为4组:Q1组曲马多1 mg/kg、F1组芬太尼1 μg/kg、Q2组曲马多2 mg/kg、F2组芬太尼2 μg/kg。各组分别于术毕前30 min静注给药。手术结束后送恢复室，比较4组的呼唤睁眼时间、拔管时间、拔管后即刻疼痛评分（VAS评分）、术前术后平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）的变化以及不良反应的发生情况。 结果 4组患者呼唤睁眼时间差异无统计学意义（Pgt;0.05），F2组的拔管时间明显长于其他3组（Plt;0.05），Q1组和F1组的疼痛评分明显高于Q2组和F2组（Plt;0.05），在T2时点，Q2组和F2组的MAP值明显低于Q1组和F1组（Plt;0.05）。 结论 曲马多2 mg/kg与芬太尼2 μg/kg的镇痛效果的效果相当，但安全性更高，更加适合全麻苏醒期的镇痛治疗。【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the effects of tramadol and fentanyl on analgesia in the early recovery period after general anesthesia. Methods A total of 80 patients who underwent the operation of gastric cancer under general anesthesia from October 2009 to April 2010 were randomly divided into four groups: group Q1 received tramadol 1 mg/kg, group F1 received fentanyl 1 μg/kg, group Q2 received tramadol 2 mg/kg, and group F2 received fentanyl 2 μg/kg. Thirty minutes before the end of surgery, intravenous administration was performed on all of the patients. In the recovery room, the wake-up time, extubation time, pain level evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) before and after the surgery, and incidence of complications were recorded. Results No significant differences in wake-up time among the four groups were found (Pgt;0.05). The extubation time was longer in group F2 than that in the other three groups (Plt;0.05). The VAS scores in group Q1 and F1 were higher than those in group Q2 and F2. At the T2 time point, MAP in group Q2 and F2 were lower than those in group Q1 and F1 (Plt;0.05). Conclusion The analgesic efficacy of tramadol 2 mg/kg is similar to that of fentanyl 2 μg/kg, but tramadol is more suitable for analgesic treatment in recovery period after general anesthesia due to the higher security.
目的:探讨术后镇痛安全有效的用药最佳途径。方法:将我科住院需手术治疗的90例肝胆疾病患者随机分成3组,在术后采用不同的镇痛给药途径,Ⅰ组为肌肉注射、Ⅱ组为自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)、Ⅲ组为微量输液泵。分别于术后6 h、24 h、48 h采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)观察镇痛效果和不良反应等指标。 结果:Ⅱ组自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)和Ⅲ组微量输液泵镇痛效果明显优于Ⅰ组肌肉注射(Plt;001),Ⅱ组自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)组并发症多于Ⅰ组肌肉注射和Ⅲ组微量输液泵(Plt;001)。结论:3种不同镇痛给药途径用于术后患者,经临床实践研究,其最佳给药途径为微量输液泵,因易操作、安全、不良反应少、可根据疼痛的程度及时调节有效剂量,患者易接受,是一种经济实用科学的镇痛方法。
目的:比较芬太尼与利多卡因宫旁阻滞麻醉在人工流产术中的疗效。方法:选择我院2009年3月~2009年5月门诊终止妊娠早孕妇女100例,分为两组。芬太尼组50例,利多卡因组50例。比较两组宫旁阻滞麻醉镇痛效果及人流综合征发生率。结果:芬太尼组的镇痛效果明显优于利多卡因组,人流综合征的发生率明显低于利多卡因组。结论:芬太尼宫旁阻滞麻醉具有镇痛效果明显，人流综合征发生率低等优点，优于利多卡因麻醉效果。
Objective To investigate the effects of cryoanalgesia for post-thoracotomy pain on the intercostal nerves. Methods Two hundred and eight patients suffering from thoracotomy were divided into three groups, according to different analgesia received respectively. Cryoanalgesia group （n = 80）： cryoanalgesia on the intercostal nerves, intercostals nerves was freezed at -55 ℃ for 90 seconds ; patient controlled analgesia by vein （PCA group, n= 80）： patient controlled analgesia was practiced intravenously, and control group （n = 48）： Dolantin given irregularly intra-muscularly and/or tramadol orally. Severity of pain was graded by visual analogue scale. Forced expiratory volume in one second（FEV1.0） was measured and pulmonary complication after operation was compared. Results There was a statistically significant improvement in postoperative pain scores and an improvement in respiratory function tests for patients in cryoanalgesia group（X2 = 74.93,15.04,P〈0. 05）. FEV1.0 in cryoanalgesia group was significantly higher than that in control group（1. 97±0.27L vs. 1. 39±0. 14 L,P〈0. 05）. Pulmonary complication in cryoanalgesia group after operation was lower than that in control group （6. 25% vs. 31. 25%, P〈0. 05 ）, Conclusion Cryoanalgesia on post-thoracotomy pain is very effective and may improve the respiratory function after operation.
Objective To study the analgesic effect of intercostal nerve crush after thoracotomy. Methods Model of forceps crushing of intercostal nerve in 20 rabbits was made pathological changes and repairing process of the nerve were observed in order to identify the best forceps crushing degree that could be used clinically. Prospective double-blind randomized trial in 210 patients who had undergone thoracotomy was carried out from February 1996 to June 2002,and were divided into three groups. Intercostal nerve forceps crushing group (group A):before closing chest,4 routes of costal nerves(incision,above and below incision, and one for inserting drainage tube)were dissected and squeezed with forceps. Intercostal nerve forceps crushing with anaesthetic drugs infiltration group (group B):based on intercostal nerve forceps crush, the intercostal nerve in the chest tube location was infiltrated with bupivacaine hydrochloride 5ml, and control group. Postoperative incisional pain was recorded by visual analogue scales (VAS) including recording the dosage of dolantin needed, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) on 3,7,15,and 30 d after operation. Results Pathological changes of the axons and myelin sheaths progressed by the degree of crushing, but recovered in 4-6 weeks. The blood vessel microhemostat was locked to the third teeth and lasting for 30 seconds, the effective analgesia and quick recovery were provided. The clinical use of nerve crush was made with the same procedure which showed b analgesic effect in both group A and group B. The total effective rate in 3 d after operation was 97.1%,98.6% and 0% in group A, B, and the control group respectively, and group A, B was significantly higher than that in contral group (Plt;0.001, 0.001); dosage of dolantin administration in group A,B and control group was 40.20±4.12mg, 35.42±3.31mg and 135.10± 8.17mg respectively (Plt;0.01). There was no statistically difference in SaO2 for three groups (P=0.475). Conclusion The intercostal nerve crush is an available and lasting analgesic procedure to relieve postoperative pain of thoracotomy. The technique is simple and can improve respiratory function and accelerate sputum to be coughed up. It can also decrease the opportunity of pulmonary infection. Intercostal nerve may regenerate and recover its function although if it is temporary contused.