ObjectiveTo summarize the development of surgical treatment of rectal cancer.MethodReviewed the domestic and foreign literatures on surgical methods for rectal cancer.ResultsThe first real surgery for rectal cancer was performed by LisFrance in 1826. Because the early understanding of rectal cancer and its development was not clear, the operation effect was poor, and the postoperative recurrence rate was high. It was not until 1908, when Dr. Miles proposed the classic abdominoperineal resection (APR), that the recurrence of rectal cancer improved significantly. In the 20th century, there also appeared Hartmann, Dixon, Bacon, Parks, and other sphincter-preserving operations, among which Dixon surgery was the most influential. Dixon surgery had changed the focus of rectal cancer treatment from radical APR to more sphincter-preserving surgery. With the emergence of stapler, the introduction of concepts such as total mesorectal excision (TME) and circumferric resection margins (CRM), and the promotion of laparoscopic technology, resection and anastomosis of rectal cancer had a lower location, less surgical trauma, better postoperative quality of life, and higher survival rate. Modern rectal cancer surgery was gradually developing to precision and minimally invasive. Following TME, transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) and natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) had given a new meaning to the operation of rectal cancer.ConclusionsWith the in-depth understanding of the occurrence, development, recurrence, and metastasis of rectal cancer, surgical methods of rectal cancer are constantly developing and improving. The introduction of new concepts and surgical procedures is accompanied by controversy and doubt, which promotes the improvement of the treatment level of rectal cancer.
ObjectiveTo summarize the latest progress of microRNA (miRNA or miR) in colorectal cancer (CRC)-related signaling pathways in the past three years, and provide new ideas for miRNA-targeted intervention or miRNA as tumor molecular markers for early diagnosis of CRC. MethodThe literature on the roles of miRNA in the CRC-related signaling pathways was retrieved and reviewed. ResultsMiRNAs were associated with cancers in nearly all critical pathways, which regulated almost all important signaling pathways associated with CRC. At present, the signaling pathways and miRNAs related to CRC mainly included Wnt-β-catenin (miR-520e, miR-8063, miR-576-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-19a-3p, miR-381, miR-411, miR-1205), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinaset-Akt (miR-19a, miR-493-5p, miR-3064-5p, mi-196b-5p, miR-3651), mitogen-activated protein kinase (miR-1288-3p, miR-3651, miR-152-3p), transforming growth factor-β (miR-183-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-581, miR-2911, miR-128-3p, let-7a), nuclear factor kappa B (miR-155, miR-129, miR-21), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (miR-198, miR-452, miR-128-3p, miR-495), Notch (miR-223, miR-10b, miR-449a), Hippo (miR-30a-5p, miR-375, miR-9), and Hedgehog (miR-372, miR-373), etc. signaling pathways. ConclusionsMiRNA play a role in one or more signaling pathways at the same time, and play an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of CRC. MiRNAs have great potential as tumor markers in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of colorectal cancer.