Intraocular tumors is a serious blinding eye disease, which has a serious impact on patients' vision and even life. At present, the main treatments include surgical treatment, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, laser therapy and combination therapy. In recent years, with the wide application of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the treatment of ocular diseases, many studies have confirmed that anti-VEGF drugs play an important auxiliary role in the treatment of intraocular tumors and its complications. In terms of the therapeutic effect, intravitreal anti-VEGF combined with other methods have a good prognosis in the treatment of choroidal metastatic carcinoma and retinoblastoma, while the therapeutic effect of uveal melanoma is still controversial. In the treatment of intraocular tumor complications, intravitreal anti-VEGF also has a good effect on the secondary lesions of choroidal osteoma and radiation retinopathy. As for drug safety, intravitreal anti-VEGF can significantly reduce the toxic and side effects of systemic chemotherapeutic therapy. However, the dosage and medication regimen of anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of intraocular tumors and their complications have not been unified in current studies, and further basic and clinical trials are still needed to explore in the future.
Citation： Di Yu, Ye Junjie. Research advances on anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in the treatment of intraocular tumors and its complications. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2022, 38(10): 857-861. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20210709-00369 Copy
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- 2. Bornfeld N, Biewald E, Bauer S, et al. The interdisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of intraocular tumors[J]. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2018, 115(7): 106-111. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0106.
- 3. Pożarowska D, Pożarowski P. The era of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs in ophthalmology, VEGF and anti-VEGF therapy[J]. Cent Eur Immnol, 2016, 41(3): 311-316. DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.63132.
- 4. Wong M, Lee WB, Halpern RL, et al. Ciliary body from renal cell carcinoma successfully treated with intravitreal bevacizumab[J]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2017, 6: 61-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.01.009.
- 5. Nadiminti K, Lenone JP. Intraocular bevacizumab in the treatment of choroidal metastases from breast[J/OL]. BMJ Case Rep, 2016, 2016: bcr2016215719[2016-07-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27435845/. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-215719.
- 6. Yasui H, Sato K, Takeyama Y, et al. Effective treatment with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for exudative retinal detachment secondary to choroidal metastasis of non-small cell lung carcinoma[J]. Am J Case Rep, 2015, 16: 728-732. DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.894600.
- 7. Mansour AM, Alameddine R. Intravitreal bevacizumab for consecutive multiple choroidal breast metastatic lesions[J/OL]. BMJ Case Rep, 2012, 2012: bcr0320126124[2012-06-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22707687/. DOI: 10.1136/bcr.03.1012.6124.
- 8. Yang H, Jager MJ, Grossniklaus HE. Bevacizumab suppression of establishment of micrometastases in experimental ocular melanoma[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2010, 51(6): 2835-2842. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4755.
- 9. Stathopoulos C, Gaillard MC, Moulin A, et al. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for the management of neovascularization in retinoblastoma after intravenous and/or intraarterial chemotherapy: long-term outcomes in a series of 35 eyes[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(12): 2273-2282. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002339.
- 10. Zhang Q, Cheng Y, Huang L, et al. Inhibitory effect of carboplatin in combination with bevacizumab on human retinoblastoma in an in vitro and in vivo model[J]. Oncol Lett, 2017, 14(5): 5326-5332. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6827.
- 11. 侯宪如, 程湧, 张琦, 等. 玻璃体腔注射卡铂联合贝伐单抗治疗难治型视网膜母细胞瘤的疗效观察[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2015, 51(2): 126-129. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2015.02.013.Hou XR, Cheng Y, Zhang Q, et al. Efficacy of intravitreal carboplatin plus bevacizumab in refractory retinoblastoma[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2015, 51(2): 126-129. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2015.02.013.
- 12. Kim DY, Choi JA, Koh JY, et al. Efficacy and safety of aflibercept in in vitro and in vivo models of retinoblastoma[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2016, 35(1): 171. DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0451-7.
- 13. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer[J]. N Eng J Med, 2004, 350(23): 2335-2342. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa032691.
- 14. Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. N Engl Med, 2006, 355(14): 1419-1431. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa054481.
- 15. Saeed MU, Gkaragkani E, Ali K. Energing roles for antiangiogenesis factors in management of ocular disease[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2013, 6: 533-543. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S31016.
- 16. Chen X, Li J, Li M, et al. KH902 suppresses high glucose-induced migration and sprouting of human retinal endothelial cells by blocking VEGF and PIGF[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2013, 15(3): 224-233. DOI: 10.1111/dom.12008.
- 17. 马纳, 李亚静, 范吉平. 康柏西普治疗脉络膜骨瘤继发视网膜脱离1例[J]. 临床眼科杂志, 2018, 26(2): 185-186. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8422.2018.02.028.Ma N, Li YJ, Fan JP. Conbercept for the treatment of retinal detachment secondary to choroidal osteoma: a case report[J]. J Clin Ophthalmol, 2018, 26(2): 185-186. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8422.2018.02.028.
- 18. Shah SU, Mashayekhi A, Shields CL, et al. Uveal metastasis from lung cancer: clinical features, treatment, and outcome in 194 patients[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(1): 352-357. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.07.014.
- 19. Mathis T, Jardel P, Loria O, et al. New concepts in the diagnosis and management of choroidal metastasis[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2019, 68: 144-176. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.09.003.
- 20. Arepalli S, Kaliki S, Shields CL. Choroidal metastases: origin, features, and therapy[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2015, 63(2): 122-127. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.154380.
- 21. Maudgil A, Sears KS, Rundle PA, et al. Failure of intravitreal bevacizumab in the treatment of choroidal metastasis[J]. Eye (lond), 2015, 29(5): 707-711. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.21.
- 22. Singh N, Bansal R, Behera D, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal metastases: the key to efficacy is simultaneous administration of systemic therapy[J]. Eye (Lond), 2015, 29(12): 1629. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.176.
- 23. Lin CJ, Tsai YY. The effect of intravitreal bevacizumab and transpupillary thermotherapy on choroidal metastases and literature review[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2015, 63(1): 37-41. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.151465.
- 24. Hussain RN, Heimann H, Damato B. Neoadjuvant intravitreal ranibizumab treatment in high risk ocular melanoma patients: a two stage single-centre phase Ⅱ single-arm study[J]. Melanoma Res, 2020, 30(1): 102-106. DOI: 10.1097/CMR.0000000000000635.
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- 27. Missotten GS, Notting IC, Schlingemann RO, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor a in eyes with uveal melanoma[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2006, 124(10): 1428-1434. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.124.10.1428.
- 28. El Filali M, Van der Velden PA, Luyten GPM, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy in uveal melanoma[J]. Dev Ophthalmol, 2012, 49: 117-136. DOI: 10.1159/000329591.
- 29. Crosby MB, Yang H, Gao W, et al. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels correlate with number and location of micrometastases in a murine model of uveal melanoma[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2011, 95(1): 112-117. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2010.182402.
- 30. Barak V, Pe' er J, Kalickman I, et al. VEGF as biomarker for metastatic uveal melanoma in humans[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2011, 36(4): 386-390. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.534573.
- 31. El Filali M, Ly LV, Luyten GP, et al. Bevacizumab and intraocular tumors: an intriguing paradox[J]. Mol Vis, 2012, 18: 2454-2467.
- 32. Francis JH, Kim J, Lin A, et al. Growth of uveal melanoma following intravitreal bevacizumab[J]. Ocul Ocncol Pathol, 2017, 3(2): 117-121. DOI: 10.1159/000450859.
- 33. Tura A, Pawlik VE, Rudolf M, et al. Uptake of ranibizumab but not bevacizumab into uveal melanoma cells correlates with a sustained decline in VEGF-A levels and metastatic activities[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2019, 11(6): 868. DOI: 10.3390/camcers11060868.
- 34. Lee SY, Kim DK, Cho JH, et al. Inhibitory effect of bevacizumab on the angiogenesis and growth of retinoblastoma[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2008, 126(7): 953-958. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.126.7.953.
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