Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR) is a peripheral retinal disease characterized by subretinal hemorrhage and/or subretinal pigment epithelial hemorrhage or exudation. It is often misdiagnosed as age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal chorioretinopathy or choroidal melanoma. With the development of multimodal imaging, PEHCR has different features under different examinations, such as B-scan ultrasound, fluorescein fundus angiography, optical coherence tomography and so on, which contributes to differention from other diseases. Clinical treatments for the disease include intravitreal injection of retinal photocoagulation therapy, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, pars plana vitrectomyand so on, but there is still no universal consensus. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the clinical features, treatment options and prognosis of PEHCR, minimize missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses, and improve treatment efficiency, further research is required.
Citation： He Zitong, Yu Jinguo. Research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic choroidal retinopathy. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2023, 39(11): 949-953. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20221207-00646 Copy
| 1. | Shields CL, Salazar PF, Mashayekhi A, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy simulating choroidal melanoma in 173 eyes[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009, 116(3): 529-535. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.015. |
| 2. | Annesley WH. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1980, 78: 321-364. |
| 3. | Mantel I, Uffer S, Zografos L. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy: a clinical, angiographic, and histologic study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2009, 148(6): 932-938. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.06.032. |
| 4. | Goel N. Vitreous hemorrhage as the presenting feature of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in indian eyes[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(3): 419-423. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_714_18. |
| 5. | Kim YT, Kang SW, Lee JH, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in korean patients[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2010, 54(3): 227-231. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-009-0794-0. |
| 6. | Goldman DR, Freund KB, McCannel CA, et al. Peripheral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy as a cause of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy: a report of 10 eyes[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(1): 48-55. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31825df12a. |
| 7. | Pinarci EY, Kilic I, Bayar SA, et al. Clinical characteristics of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy and its response to bevacizumab therapy[J]. Eye (Lond), 2013, 27(1): 111-112. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.239. |
| 8. | Rishi P, Das A, Sarate P, et al. Management of peripheral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with intravitreal bevacizumab and indocyanine green angiography-guided laser photocoagulation[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2012, 60(1): 60-63. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.91351. |
| 9. | Vandefonteyne S, Caujolle JP, Rosier L, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral exudative haemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(6): 874-878. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313307. |
| 10. | Kumar V, Tewari R. Giant retinal pigment epithelium rip in a patient with peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(7): 1164-1165. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_827_18. |
| 11. | Mantel I, Schalenbourg A, Zografos L. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and hemodynamic modifications[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2012, 153(5): 910-922. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.10.017. |
| 12. | Cereda MG, Corvi F, Cozzi M, et al. Optical coherence tomography 2: diagnostic tool to study peripheral vitreoretinal pathologies[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(2): 415-421. DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001953. |
| 13. | Elwood KF, Richards PJ, Schildroth KR, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR): diagnostic and therapeutic challenges[J/OL]. Medicina, 2023, 59(9): 1507[2023-08-22]. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091507. DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091507. |
| 14. | Chen LJ. Genetic association of age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2020, 9(2): 104-109. DOI: 10.1097/01.APO.0000656976.47696.7d. |
| 15. | Kim JB, Nirwan RS, Kuriyan AE. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy[J]. Curr Ophthalmol Rep, 2017, 5(2): 176-186. DOI: 10.1007/s40135-017-0137-0. |
| 16. | Cebeci Z, Dere Y, Bayraktar Ş, et al. Clinical features and course of patients with peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Turk J Ophthalmol, 2016, 46(5): 215-220. DOI: 10.4274/tjo.71354. |
| 17. | Shroff D, Sharma M, Chhablani J, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy-a new addition to the spectrum of pachychoroid disease?[J]. Retina, 2021, 41(7): 1518-1525. DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003063. |
| 18. | Mashayekhi A, Shields CL, Shields JA. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy: a variant of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy?[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2013, 8(3): 264-267. |
| 19. | Jeong A, Lim J, Sagong M. Choroidal vascular abnormalities by ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2021, 62(2): 29. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.29. |
| 20. | Kitagawa Y, Shimada H, Kawamura A, et al. A case of bilateral pachychoroid disease: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in one eye and peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in contralateral eye[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2021, 21(1): 320. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02067-2. |
| 21. | Glatz W, Schörkhuber M, Pöschl EM, et al. Persistent vitreoretinal adhesion in eyes with peripheral exudative haemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2017, 95(1): e82-e83[2016-05-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27226214/ DOI: 10.1111/aos.13088. |
| 22. | Foos RY, Trese MT. Chorioretinal juncture. Vascularization of bruch's membrane in peripheral fundus[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1982, 100(9): 1492-1503. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030040470020. |
| 23. | Barkmeier AJ, Kadikoy H, Holz ER, et al. Regression of serous macular detachment due to peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy following intravitreal Bevacizumab[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2011, 21(4): 506-508. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.2011.6246. |
| 24. | Huang J, Gajewski A, Cesaro T, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in patients with nonexudative age-related macular degeneration[J]. Fed Pract, 2017, 34(5): 20-22. |
| 25. | Venkatesh R, Mishra P, Nahata H, et al. Peripheral and macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a retrospective comparative case series[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2023, 33(1): 448-454. DOI: 10.1177/11206721221100624. |
| 26. | Anantharaman G, Sheth J, Bhende M, et al. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: pearls in diagnosis and management[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(7): 896-908. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1136_17. |
| 27. | Shields JA, Mashayekhi A, Ra S, et al. Pseudomelanomas of the posterior uveal tract: the 2006 Taylor R. Smith lecture[J]. Retina, 2005, 25(6): 767-771. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200509000-00013. |
| 28. | Bardenstein DS, Char DH, Irvine AR, et al. Extramacular disciform lesions simulating uveal tumors[J]. Ophthalmology, 1992, 99(6): 944-951. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31870-6. |
| 29. | Shanmugam PM, Ramanjulu R. Vascular tumors of the choroid and retina[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2015, 63(2): 133-140. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.154387. |
| 30. | Alsakran WA, Alshamrani AA, Alzahrani YA. Variable presentations of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2019, 26(4): 253-256. DOI: 10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_138_19. |
| 31. | Lavin MJ, Marsh RJ, Peart S, et al. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms: a retrospective study of 40 patients[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1987, 71(11): 817-825. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.71.11.817. |
| 32. | Pitkänen L, Tommila P, Kaarniranta K, et al. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2014, 92(2): 101-104. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12210. |
| 33. | Cho WH, Chiang WY, Chen CH, et al. To treat or not to treat: a clinical series of retinal arterial macroaneurysms: a single-center retrospective study[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(5): e19077[2020-01-31]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32000459/. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019077. |
| 34. | Lee EK, Woo SJ, Ahn J, et al. Morphologic characteristics of retinal arterial macroaneurysm and its regression pattern on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(10): 2095-2101. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182111711. |
| 35. | Moosavi RA, Fong KC, Chopdar A. Retinal artery macroaneurysms: clinical and fluorescein angiographic features in 34 patients[J]. Eye (Lond), 2006, 20(9): 1011-1020. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702068. |
| 36. | Shields CL, Honavar SG, Shields JA, et al. Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: clinical manifestations and factors predictive of visual outcome in 200 consecutive cases[J]. Ophthalmology, 2001, 108(12): 2237-2248. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00812-0. |
| 37. | Shields CL, Shields JA, De Potter P. Patterns of indocyanine green videoangiography of choroidal tumours[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1995, 79(3): 237-245. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.79.3.237. |
| 38. | Anand R, Augsburger JJ, Shields JA. Circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1989, 107(9): 1338-1342. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1989.01070020408045. |
| 39. | Salman A, Parmar P, Rajamohan M, et al. Optical coherence tomography in choroidal tuberculosis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2006, 142(1): 170-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.01.071. |
| 40. | Sigler EJ, Randolph JC, Calzada JI, et al. Current management of coats disease[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2014, 59(1): 30-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.03.007. |
| 41. | Theodossiadis GP. Some clinical, fluorescein-angiographic, and therapeutic-aspects of coats' disease[J]. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 1979, 16(4): 257-262. DOI: 10.3928/0191-3913-19790701-12. |
| 42. | Seibel I, Hager A, Duncker T, et al. Anti-VEGF therapy in symptomatic peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR) involving the macula[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 254(4): 653-659. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3096-x. |
| 43. | Balakrishnan D, Oli A. Ziv-aflibercept combined with intravitreal steroid for management of peripheral exudative haemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J/OL]. BMJ Case Rep, 2019, 12(9): e231668[2019-09-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31511273/. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231668. |
| 44. | Badawi AH, Semidey VA, Magliyah M, et al. Updated systematic review and clinical spectrum of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2020, 27(1): 4-9. DOI: 10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_85_20. |
| 45. | Mazal Z. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Cesk Slov Oftalmol, 2019, 75(2): 80-84. DOI: 10.31348/2019/2/4. |
| 46. | Larrea J, Sánchez-Ávila RM, Villota-Deleu E, et al. Clinical characteristics of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in a referral center in spain[J]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed), 2022: 603-611. DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2022.04.002. |
| 47. | Alforja MS, Sabater N, Giralt J, et al. Intravitreal Bevacizumab injection for peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(4): 425-427. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0038-y. |
| 48. | Takkar B, Roy S, Sodhi PK, et al. Peripheral choroidal neovascular membrane in a case of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy managed with combination therapy[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2017, 37(2): 429-431. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0277-5. |
| 49. | Collaer N, James C. Peripheral exudative and hemorrhagic chorio-retinopathy. The peripheral form of age-related macular degeneration? report on 2 cases[J]. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol, 2007, 305: 23-26. |
| 50. | Takayama K, Enoki T, Kojima T, et al. Treatment of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy by intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2012, 6: 865-869. DOI: 10.2147/opth.S31640. |
| 51. | Semidey VA, Al Taisan AA, Schatz P, et al. Surgical management of hemorrhagic retinal detachment secondary to peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2021, 28(1): 57-59. DOI: 10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_139_20. |
- 1. Shields CL, Salazar PF, Mashayekhi A, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy simulating choroidal melanoma in 173 eyes[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009, 116(3): 529-535. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.015.
- 2. Annesley WH. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1980, 78: 321-364.
- 3. Mantel I, Uffer S, Zografos L. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy: a clinical, angiographic, and histologic study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2009, 148(6): 932-938. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.06.032.
- 4. Goel N. Vitreous hemorrhage as the presenting feature of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in indian eyes[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(3): 419-423. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_714_18.
- 5. Kim YT, Kang SW, Lee JH, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in korean patients[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2010, 54(3): 227-231. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-009-0794-0.
- 6. Goldman DR, Freund KB, McCannel CA, et al. Peripheral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy as a cause of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy: a report of 10 eyes[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(1): 48-55. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31825df12a.
- 7. Pinarci EY, Kilic I, Bayar SA, et al. Clinical characteristics of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy and its response to bevacizumab therapy[J]. Eye (Lond), 2013, 27(1): 111-112. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.239.
- 8. Rishi P, Das A, Sarate P, et al. Management of peripheral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with intravitreal bevacizumab and indocyanine green angiography-guided laser photocoagulation[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2012, 60(1): 60-63. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.91351.
- 9. Vandefonteyne S, Caujolle JP, Rosier L, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral exudative haemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(6): 874-878. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313307.
- 10. Kumar V, Tewari R. Giant retinal pigment epithelium rip in a patient with peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(7): 1164-1165. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_827_18.
- 11. Mantel I, Schalenbourg A, Zografos L. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and hemodynamic modifications[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2012, 153(5): 910-922. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.10.017.
- 12. Cereda MG, Corvi F, Cozzi M, et al. Optical coherence tomography 2: diagnostic tool to study peripheral vitreoretinal pathologies[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(2): 415-421. DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001953.
- 13. Elwood KF, Richards PJ, Schildroth KR, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR): diagnostic and therapeutic challenges[J/OL]. Medicina, 2023, 59(9): 1507[2023-08-22]. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091507. DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091507.
- 14. Chen LJ. Genetic association of age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2020, 9(2): 104-109. DOI: 10.1097/01.APO.0000656976.47696.7d.
- 15. Kim JB, Nirwan RS, Kuriyan AE. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy[J]. Curr Ophthalmol Rep, 2017, 5(2): 176-186. DOI: 10.1007/s40135-017-0137-0.
- 16. Cebeci Z, Dere Y, Bayraktar Ş, et al. Clinical features and course of patients with peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Turk J Ophthalmol, 2016, 46(5): 215-220. DOI: 10.4274/tjo.71354.
- 17. Shroff D, Sharma M, Chhablani J, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy-a new addition to the spectrum of pachychoroid disease?[J]. Retina, 2021, 41(7): 1518-1525. DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003063.
- 18. Mashayekhi A, Shields CL, Shields JA. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy: a variant of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy?[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2013, 8(3): 264-267.
- 19. Jeong A, Lim J, Sagong M. Choroidal vascular abnormalities by ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2021, 62(2): 29. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.29.
- 20. Kitagawa Y, Shimada H, Kawamura A, et al. A case of bilateral pachychoroid disease: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in one eye and peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in contralateral eye[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2021, 21(1): 320. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02067-2.
- 21. Glatz W, Schörkhuber M, Pöschl EM, et al. Persistent vitreoretinal adhesion in eyes with peripheral exudative haemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2017, 95(1): e82-e83[2016-05-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27226214/ DOI: 10.1111/aos.13088.
- 22. Foos RY, Trese MT. Chorioretinal juncture. Vascularization of bruch's membrane in peripheral fundus[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1982, 100(9): 1492-1503. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030040470020.
- 23. Barkmeier AJ, Kadikoy H, Holz ER, et al. Regression of serous macular detachment due to peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy following intravitreal Bevacizumab[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2011, 21(4): 506-508. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.2011.6246.
- 24. Huang J, Gajewski A, Cesaro T, et al. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in patients with nonexudative age-related macular degeneration[J]. Fed Pract, 2017, 34(5): 20-22.
- 25. Venkatesh R, Mishra P, Nahata H, et al. Peripheral and macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a retrospective comparative case series[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2023, 33(1): 448-454. DOI: 10.1177/11206721221100624.
- 26. Anantharaman G, Sheth J, Bhende M, et al. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: pearls in diagnosis and management[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(7): 896-908. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1136_17.
- 27. Shields JA, Mashayekhi A, Ra S, et al. Pseudomelanomas of the posterior uveal tract: the 2006 Taylor R. Smith lecture[J]. Retina, 2005, 25(6): 767-771. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200509000-00013.
- 28. Bardenstein DS, Char DH, Irvine AR, et al. Extramacular disciform lesions simulating uveal tumors[J]. Ophthalmology, 1992, 99(6): 944-951. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31870-6.
- 29. Shanmugam PM, Ramanjulu R. Vascular tumors of the choroid and retina[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2015, 63(2): 133-140. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.154387.
- 30. Alsakran WA, Alshamrani AA, Alzahrani YA. Variable presentations of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2019, 26(4): 253-256. DOI: 10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_138_19.
- 31. Lavin MJ, Marsh RJ, Peart S, et al. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms: a retrospective study of 40 patients[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1987, 71(11): 817-825. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.71.11.817.
- 32. Pitkänen L, Tommila P, Kaarniranta K, et al. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2014, 92(2): 101-104. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12210.
- 33. Cho WH, Chiang WY, Chen CH, et al. To treat or not to treat: a clinical series of retinal arterial macroaneurysms: a single-center retrospective study[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(5): e19077[2020-01-31]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32000459/. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019077.
- 34. Lee EK, Woo SJ, Ahn J, et al. Morphologic characteristics of retinal arterial macroaneurysm and its regression pattern on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(10): 2095-2101. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182111711.
- 35. Moosavi RA, Fong KC, Chopdar A. Retinal artery macroaneurysms: clinical and fluorescein angiographic features in 34 patients[J]. Eye (Lond), 2006, 20(9): 1011-1020. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702068.
- 36. Shields CL, Honavar SG, Shields JA, et al. Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: clinical manifestations and factors predictive of visual outcome in 200 consecutive cases[J]. Ophthalmology, 2001, 108(12): 2237-2248. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00812-0.
- 37. Shields CL, Shields JA, De Potter P. Patterns of indocyanine green videoangiography of choroidal tumours[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1995, 79(3): 237-245. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.79.3.237.
- 38. Anand R, Augsburger JJ, Shields JA. Circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1989, 107(9): 1338-1342. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1989.01070020408045.
- 39. Salman A, Parmar P, Rajamohan M, et al. Optical coherence tomography in choroidal tuberculosis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2006, 142(1): 170-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.01.071.
- 40. Sigler EJ, Randolph JC, Calzada JI, et al. Current management of coats disease[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2014, 59(1): 30-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.03.007.
- 41. Theodossiadis GP. Some clinical, fluorescein-angiographic, and therapeutic-aspects of coats' disease[J]. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 1979, 16(4): 257-262. DOI: 10.3928/0191-3913-19790701-12.
- 42. Seibel I, Hager A, Duncker T, et al. Anti-VEGF therapy in symptomatic peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR) involving the macula[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 254(4): 653-659. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3096-x.
- 43. Balakrishnan D, Oli A. Ziv-aflibercept combined with intravitreal steroid for management of peripheral exudative haemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J/OL]. BMJ Case Rep, 2019, 12(9): e231668[2019-09-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31511273/. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231668.
- 44. Badawi AH, Semidey VA, Magliyah M, et al. Updated systematic review and clinical spectrum of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2020, 27(1): 4-9. DOI: 10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_85_20.
- 45. Mazal Z. Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Cesk Slov Oftalmol, 2019, 75(2): 80-84. DOI: 10.31348/2019/2/4.
- 46. Larrea J, Sánchez-Ávila RM, Villota-Deleu E, et al. Clinical characteristics of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy in a referral center in spain[J]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed), 2022: 603-611. DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2022.04.002.
- 47. Alforja MS, Sabater N, Giralt J, et al. Intravitreal Bevacizumab injection for peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(4): 425-427. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0038-y.
- 48. Takkar B, Roy S, Sodhi PK, et al. Peripheral choroidal neovascular membrane in a case of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy managed with combination therapy[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2017, 37(2): 429-431. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0277-5.
- 49. Collaer N, James C. Peripheral exudative and hemorrhagic chorio-retinopathy. The peripheral form of age-related macular degeneration? report on 2 cases[J]. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol, 2007, 305: 23-26.
- 50. Takayama K, Enoki T, Kojima T, et al. Treatment of peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy by intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2012, 6: 865-869. DOI: 10.2147/opth.S31640.
- 51. Semidey VA, Al Taisan AA, Schatz P, et al. Surgical management of hemorrhagic retinal detachment secondary to peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2021, 28(1): 57-59. DOI: 10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_139_20.