Progress in the application of the Ando iridectomy in vitreoretinal surgeries with silicone oil tamponade_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Jiang Yuqi ^1,2 , Xie Hainan ² ,  Huang Houbin ^2,3

1. Medical School of Chinese PLA, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
2. Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya 572013, China;
3. Senior Department of Ophthalmology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;

Corresponding author：

Huang Houbin, Email: 536273642@qq.com

Keywords：

Peripheral iridectomy; Silicone oil; Vitreoretinal surgery; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240520-00200

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Silicone oil is a stable intraocular tamponade widely used in various vitreoretinal surgeries. However, it can migrate into the anterior chamber for various reasons, leading to complications such as pupillary block glaucoma, corneal endothelial decompensation, and keratopathy. The inferior peripheral iridectomy (later referred to as the Ando iridectomy) can allow the aqueous humor from the posterior segment to drain into the anterior chamber, and this drainage exerts pressure on the silicone oil, pushing it back into the vitreous cavity, thereby effectively addressing the complications. The application of the Ando iridectomy has expanded from aphakic eyes to phakic eyes and pseudophakic eyes in recent years, each with specific indications. The diameter of the Ando iridectomy should be 2 mm or large enough to maintain patency. The incision for the Ando iridectomy should be made at the 6 o'clock position at the iris root, at the lower edge of the silicone oil droplet in the anterior chamber, or in the inferior aqueous humor zone. Postoperatively, the Ando iridectomy may close due to inflammation or blood cell blockage. In such cases, it can be reopened using laser photocoagulation, surgical peripheral iridectomy, or needle puncture to restore its functionality. Currently, there is no standardized protocol for the application of the Ando iridectomy in vitreoretinal surgeries, and this warrants further research.

1.	Cibis PA, Becker B, Okun E, et al. The use of liquid silicone in retinal detachment surgery[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1962, 68: 590-599. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030594005.
2.	Heimann K, Dimopoulos S, Paulmann H. Silicone oil injection in the treatment of complicated retinal detachments[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 1984, 185(6): 505-508. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1054683.
3.	Nicolai M, Lassandro N, Franceschi A, et al. Intraocular pressure rise linked to silicone oil in retinal surgery: a review[J]. Vision (Basel), 2020, 4(3): 36. DOI: 10.3390/vision4030036.
4.	Chen Y, Kearns VR, Zhou L, et al. Silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery: Indications, complications, new developments and alternative long-term tamponade agents[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2021, 99(3): 240-250. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14604.
5.	Ando F, Miyake Y, Oshima K, et al. Temporary use of intraocular silicone oil in the treatment of complicated retinal detachment[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1986, 224(1): 32-33. DOI: 10.1007/bf02144129.
6.	Jackson TL, Thiagarajan M, Murthy R, et al. Pupil block glaucoma in phakic and pseudophakic patients after vitrectomy with silicone oil injection[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2001, 132(3): 414-416. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)00991-6.
7.	Al-jazzaf AM, Netland PA, Charles S. Incidence and management of elevated intraocular pressure after silicone oil injection[J]. J Glaucoma, 2005, 14(1): 40-46. DOI: 10.1097/01.ijg.0000145811.62095.fa.
8.	Barca F CT, Rizzo S. Silicone oil: different physical properties and clinical applications[J/OL]. Biomed Res Int, 2014: 2014: 502143[2017-10-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28978449/. DOI: 10.1155/2014/502143.
9.	Semeraro F, Russo A, Morescalchi F, et al. Comparative assessment of intraocular inflammation following standard or heavy silicone oil tamponade: a prospective study[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2019, 97(1): e97-e102[2018-06-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29862656/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.13830.
10.	Coman Cernat CC, Munteanu M, Patoni Popescu SI, et al. Silicone oil complications in vitreoretinal surgery[J]. Rom J Ophthalmol, 2022, 66(4): 299-303. DOI: 10.22336/rjo.2022.55.
11.	Keller J, Govetto A, Ramasamy P, et al. Comparison of perfluorodecalin and silicone oil as initial tamponade for giant retinal tear-associated retinal detachment[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2021, 244(3): 218-222. DOI: 10.1159/000516520.
12.	Zheng WB, Ding XH, Lai KB, et al. Preoperative laser reduces silicone oil use in primary diabetic vitrectomy[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2022, 15(4): 591-597. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2022.04.11.
13.	Wei Y, Li Y, Chen F. Vitrectomy treatment of retinal detachments related to choroidal coloboma involving the disk[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(6): 1091-1095. DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000088.
14.	Barr CC, Lai MY, Lean JS, et al. Postoperative intraocular pressure abnormalities in the silicone study: silicone study report 4[J]. Ophthalmology, 1993, 100(11): 1629-1635. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31425-9.
15.	Kapur R, Birnbaum AD, Goldstein DA, et al. Treating uveitis-associated hypotony with pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection[J]. Retina, 2010, 30(1): 140-145. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181b32f06.
16.	Al-Habsi SH, Al-Abri MS. Pupillary block glaucoma due to anterior migration of nonemulsified silicone oil in a phakic patient: a case report and review of literature[J]. Oman J Ophthalmol, 2023, 16(1): 110-112. DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_92_22.
17.	Ge L, Su N, Fan W, et al. Risk factors and management of intraocular pressure elevation after vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade[J]. Int J Gen Med, 2024, 17: 447-456. DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.S446617.
18.	Łątkowska M, Gajdzis M, Kaczmarek R. Emulsification of silicone oils: altering factors and possible complications-a narrative review[J]. J Clin Med, 2024, 13(8): 2407. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082407.
19.	Liu Z, Fu G, Liu A. The relationship between inflammatory mediator expression in the aqueous humor and secondary glaucoma incidence after silicone oil tamponade[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2017, 14(6): 5833-5836. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5269.
20.	Kolipaka GP, Rao A. Secondary glaucoma following vitreo-retinal surgeries[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2023, 71(1): 18-25. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1155_22.
21.	Azuara-Blanco A, Dua HS, Pillai CT. Pseudo-endothelial dystrophy associated with emulsified silicone oil[J]. Cornea, 1999, 18(4): 493-494. DOI: 10.1097/00003226-199907000-00017.
22.	Vidne-Hay O, Platner E, Alhalel A, et al. Long-term silicone oil tamponade in eyes with complicated retinal detachment[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2022, 32(3): 1728-1734. DOI: 10.1177/11206721211019551.
23.	Ferrara M, Coco G, Sorrentino T, et al. Retinal and corneal changes associated with intraocular silicone oil tamponade[J]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(17): 5234. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175234.
24.	Sepulveda-beltran PA, Levine H, Chang VS, et al. Complications in retinal surgery: a review of corneal changes following vitreoretinal procedures[J]. Int Ophthalmol Clin, 2022, 62(3): 65-77. DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000423.
25.	Framme C, Sachs HG, Wachtlin J, et al. Main principles of vitrectomy using intraocular tamponades-a basic course in surgery[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2022, 239(11): 1337-1353. DOI: 10.1055/a-1929-9413.
26.	Beekhuis WH, Ando F, Zivojnović R, et al. Basal iridectomy at 6 o'clock in the aphakic eye treated with silicone oil: prevention of keratopathy and secondary glaucoma[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1987, 71(3): 197-200. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.71.3.197.
27.	杨帆, 刘毅. 眼前节网格状缝线对硅油的限制和角膜保护作用[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2022, 58(9): 688-692. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220222-00070.Yang F, Liu Y. The effect of silicone oil retention sutures on preventing silicone oil migration and protecting the corneal endothelium[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2022, 58(9): 688-692. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220222-00070.
28.	Jabbour E, Azar G, Antoun J, et al. Incidence and risk factors of ocular hypertension following pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2018, 240(3): 129-134. DOI: 10.1159/000489792.
29.	Laganowski HC, Leaver PK. Silicone oil in the aphakic eye: the influence of a six o'clock peripheral iridectomy[J]. Eye (Lond), 1989, 3 (Pt 3): 338-348. DOI: 10.1038/eye.1989.49.
30.	Yusuf IH, Fung TH, Salmon JF, et al. Silicone oil pupil block glaucoma in a pseudophakic eye[J/OL]. BMJ Case Rep, 2014, 2014: 2014205018[2014-09-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25249219/. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205018.
31.	Yang CS, Chen KH, Hsu WM, et al. Cytotoxicity of silicone oil on cultivated human corneal endothelium[J]. Eye (Lond), 2008, 22(2): 282-288. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702962.
32.	He K, Liao M, Zhu Y, et al. Risk factors for band keratopathy in aphakic eyes with silicone oil tamponade for open-globe injuries: a multicenter case-control study[J/OL]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 713599[2021-07-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368200/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713599.
33.	Kumar H, Talwar D, Thulasidas M, et al. A new mechanism of silicone oil-induced glaucoma and its management[J/OL]. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, 2022, 2022: 2343139[2022-06-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35694411/. DOI: 10.1155/2022/2343139.
34.	Madreperla SA, Mccuen BW, 2nd. Inferior peripheral iridectomy in patients receiving silicone oil. rates of postoperative closure and effect on oil position[J]. Retina, 1995, 15(2): 87-90. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-199515020-00001.
35.	Nguyen QH, Lloyd MA, Heuer DK, et al. Incidence and management of glaucoma after intravitreal silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments[J]. Ophthalmology, 1992, 99(10): 1520-1526. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31771-3.
36.	Valone J Jr, McCarthy M. Emulsified anterior chamber silicone oil and glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmology, 1994, 101(12): 1908-1912. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31084-0.
37.	Coelho SG, Almeida AG. Marfan syndrome revisited: from genetics to the clinic[J]. Rev Port Cardiol (Engl Ed), 2020, 39(4): 215-226. DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2019.09.008.
38.	Rahman M, Sharma M, Aggarwal P, et al. Homocystinuria and ocular complications - a review[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2022, 70(7): 2272-2278. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_309_22.
39.	Thattaruthody F, Akella M, Dhingra D, et al. Weill-marchesani syndrome with secondary angle closure glaucoma[J]. J Glaucoma, 2019, 2019: 1399. DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001399.
40.	Schlötzer-schrehardt U, Khor CC. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma: From genes to disease mechanisms[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2021, 32(2): 118-128. DOI: 10.1097/icu.00000 00000000736.
41.	Meng Z, Chen Y, Wu W, et al. Exploring the immune infiltration landscape and m2 macrophage-related biomarkers of proliferative diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022, 13: 841813[2022-05-27]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35692390/. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.841813.
42.	Tang Y, Shi Y, Fan Z. The mechanism and therapeutic strategies for neovascular glaucoma secondary to diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1102361[2023-01-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36755912/. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1102361.
43.	Reddy MA, Aylward GW. The efficacy of neodymium: yag laser iridotomy in the treatment of closed peripheral iridotomies in silicone-oil-filled aphakic eyes[J]. Eye (Lond), 1995, 9 ( Pt 6): 757-759. DOI: 10.1038/eye.1995.190.
44.	Mota SEH, Castañeda-diez R, Zavala-martínez MT. Transfixion technique for the treatment of silicone oil pupillary block glaucoma refractory to nd-yag iridotomy[J]. Cir Cir, 2019, 87(2): 215-218. DOI: 10.24875/ciru.18000386.
45.	Maccumber MW, Mccuen BW, 2nd, Toth CA, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator for preserving inferior peripheral iridectomy patency in eyes with silicone oil[J]. Ophthalmology, 1996, 103(2): 269-273. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30705-7.
46.	Zalta AH, Boyle NS, Zalta AK. Silicone oil pupillary block: an exception to combined argon-nd: Yag laser iridotomy success in angle-closure glaucoma[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2007, 125(7): 883-888. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.125.7.883.

1. Cibis PA, Becker B, Okun E, et al. The use of liquid silicone in retinal detachment surgery[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1962, 68: 590-599. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030594005.
2. Heimann K, Dimopoulos S, Paulmann H. Silicone oil injection in the treatment of complicated retinal detachments[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 1984, 185(6): 505-508. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1054683.
3. Nicolai M, Lassandro N, Franceschi A, et al. Intraocular pressure rise linked to silicone oil in retinal surgery: a review[J]. Vision (Basel), 2020, 4(3): 36. DOI: 10.3390/vision4030036.
4. Chen Y, Kearns VR, Zhou L, et al. Silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery: Indications, complications, new developments and alternative long-term tamponade agents[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2021, 99(3): 240-250. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14604.
5. Ando F, Miyake Y, Oshima K, et al. Temporary use of intraocular silicone oil in the treatment of complicated retinal detachment[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1986, 224(1): 32-33. DOI: 10.1007/bf02144129.
6. Jackson TL, Thiagarajan M, Murthy R, et al. Pupil block glaucoma in phakic and pseudophakic patients after vitrectomy with silicone oil injection[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2001, 132(3): 414-416. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)00991-6.
7. Al-jazzaf AM, Netland PA, Charles S. Incidence and management of elevated intraocular pressure after silicone oil injection[J]. J Glaucoma, 2005, 14(1): 40-46. DOI: 10.1097/01.ijg.0000145811.62095.fa.
8. Barca F CT, Rizzo S. Silicone oil: different physical properties and clinical applications[J/OL]. Biomed Res Int, 2014: 2014: 502143[2017-10-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28978449/. DOI: 10.1155/2014/502143.
9. Semeraro F, Russo A, Morescalchi F, et al. Comparative assessment of intraocular inflammation following standard or heavy silicone oil tamponade: a prospective study[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2019, 97(1): e97-e102[2018-06-04]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29862656/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.13830.
10. Coman Cernat CC, Munteanu M, Patoni Popescu SI, et al. Silicone oil complications in vitreoretinal surgery[J]. Rom J Ophthalmol, 2022, 66(4): 299-303. DOI: 10.22336/rjo.2022.55.
11. Keller J, Govetto A, Ramasamy P, et al. Comparison of perfluorodecalin and silicone oil as initial tamponade for giant retinal tear-associated retinal detachment[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2021, 244(3): 218-222. DOI: 10.1159/000516520.
12. Zheng WB, Ding XH, Lai KB, et al. Preoperative laser reduces silicone oil use in primary diabetic vitrectomy[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2022, 15(4): 591-597. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2022.04.11.
13. Wei Y, Li Y, Chen F. Vitrectomy treatment of retinal detachments related to choroidal coloboma involving the disk[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(6): 1091-1095. DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000088.
14. Barr CC, Lai MY, Lean JS, et al. Postoperative intraocular pressure abnormalities in the silicone study: silicone study report 4[J]. Ophthalmology, 1993, 100(11): 1629-1635. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31425-9.
15. Kapur R, Birnbaum AD, Goldstein DA, et al. Treating uveitis-associated hypotony with pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection[J]. Retina, 2010, 30(1): 140-145. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181b32f06.
16. Al-Habsi SH, Al-Abri MS. Pupillary block glaucoma due to anterior migration of nonemulsified silicone oil in a phakic patient: a case report and review of literature[J]. Oman J Ophthalmol, 2023, 16(1): 110-112. DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_92_22.
17. Ge L, Su N, Fan W, et al. Risk factors and management of intraocular pressure elevation after vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade[J]. Int J Gen Med, 2024, 17: 447-456. DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.S446617.
18. Łątkowska M, Gajdzis M, Kaczmarek R. Emulsification of silicone oils: altering factors and possible complications-a narrative review[J]. J Clin Med, 2024, 13(8): 2407. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082407.
19. Liu Z, Fu G, Liu A. The relationship between inflammatory mediator expression in the aqueous humor and secondary glaucoma incidence after silicone oil tamponade[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2017, 14(6): 5833-5836. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5269.
20. Kolipaka GP, Rao A. Secondary glaucoma following vitreo-retinal surgeries[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2023, 71(1): 18-25. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1155_22.
21. Azuara-Blanco A, Dua HS, Pillai CT. Pseudo-endothelial dystrophy associated with emulsified silicone oil[J]. Cornea, 1999, 18(4): 493-494. DOI: 10.1097/00003226-199907000-00017.
22. Vidne-Hay O, Platner E, Alhalel A, et al. Long-term silicone oil tamponade in eyes with complicated retinal detachment[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2022, 32(3): 1728-1734. DOI: 10.1177/11206721211019551.
23. Ferrara M, Coco G, Sorrentino T, et al. Retinal and corneal changes associated with intraocular silicone oil tamponade[J]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(17): 5234. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175234.
24. Sepulveda-beltran PA, Levine H, Chang VS, et al. Complications in retinal surgery: a review of corneal changes following vitreoretinal procedures[J]. Int Ophthalmol Clin, 2022, 62(3): 65-77. DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000423.
25. Framme C, Sachs HG, Wachtlin J, et al. Main principles of vitrectomy using intraocular tamponades-a basic course in surgery[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2022, 239(11): 1337-1353. DOI: 10.1055/a-1929-9413.
26. Beekhuis WH, Ando F, Zivojnović R, et al. Basal iridectomy at 6 o'clock in the aphakic eye treated with silicone oil: prevention of keratopathy and secondary glaucoma[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1987, 71(3): 197-200. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.71.3.197.
27. 杨帆, 刘毅. 眼前节网格状缝线对硅油的限制和角膜保护作用[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2022, 58(9): 688-692. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220222-00070.Yang F, Liu Y. The effect of silicone oil retention sutures on preventing silicone oil migration and protecting the corneal endothelium[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2022, 58(9): 688-692. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220222-00070.
28. Jabbour E, Azar G, Antoun J, et al. Incidence and risk factors of ocular hypertension following pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2018, 240(3): 129-134. DOI: 10.1159/000489792.
29. Laganowski HC, Leaver PK. Silicone oil in the aphakic eye: the influence of a six o'clock peripheral iridectomy[J]. Eye (Lond), 1989, 3 (Pt 3): 338-348. DOI: 10.1038/eye.1989.49.
30. Yusuf IH, Fung TH, Salmon JF, et al. Silicone oil pupil block glaucoma in a pseudophakic eye[J/OL]. BMJ Case Rep, 2014, 2014: 2014205018[2014-09-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25249219/. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205018.
31. Yang CS, Chen KH, Hsu WM, et al. Cytotoxicity of silicone oil on cultivated human corneal endothelium[J]. Eye (Lond), 2008, 22(2): 282-288. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702962.
32. He K, Liao M, Zhu Y, et al. Risk factors for band keratopathy in aphakic eyes with silicone oil tamponade for open-globe injuries: a multicenter case-control study[J/OL]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 713599[2021-07-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368200/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713599.
33. Kumar H, Talwar D, Thulasidas M, et al. A new mechanism of silicone oil-induced glaucoma and its management[J/OL]. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, 2022, 2022: 2343139[2022-06-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35694411/. DOI: 10.1155/2022/2343139.
34. Madreperla SA, Mccuen BW, 2nd. Inferior peripheral iridectomy in patients receiving silicone oil. rates of postoperative closure and effect on oil position[J]. Retina, 1995, 15(2): 87-90. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-199515020-00001.
35. Nguyen QH, Lloyd MA, Heuer DK, et al. Incidence and management of glaucoma after intravitreal silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments[J]. Ophthalmology, 1992, 99(10): 1520-1526. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31771-3.
36. Valone J Jr, McCarthy M. Emulsified anterior chamber silicone oil and glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmology, 1994, 101(12): 1908-1912. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31084-0.
37. Coelho SG, Almeida AG. Marfan syndrome revisited: from genetics to the clinic[J]. Rev Port Cardiol (Engl Ed), 2020, 39(4): 215-226. DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2019.09.008.
38. Rahman M, Sharma M, Aggarwal P, et al. Homocystinuria and ocular complications - a review[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2022, 70(7): 2272-2278. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_309_22.
39. Thattaruthody F, Akella M, Dhingra D, et al. Weill-marchesani syndrome with secondary angle closure glaucoma[J]. J Glaucoma, 2019, 2019: 1399. DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001399.
40. Schlötzer-schrehardt U, Khor CC. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma: From genes to disease mechanisms[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2021, 32(2): 118-128. DOI: 10.1097/icu.00000 00000000736.
41. Meng Z, Chen Y, Wu W, et al. Exploring the immune infiltration landscape and m2 macrophage-related biomarkers of proliferative diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022, 13: 841813[2022-05-27]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35692390/. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.841813.
42. Tang Y, Shi Y, Fan Z. The mechanism and therapeutic strategies for neovascular glaucoma secondary to diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1102361[2023-01-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36755912/. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1102361.
43. Reddy MA, Aylward GW. The efficacy of neodymium: yag laser iridotomy in the treatment of closed peripheral iridotomies in silicone-oil-filled aphakic eyes[J]. Eye (Lond), 1995, 9 ( Pt 6): 757-759. DOI: 10.1038/eye.1995.190.
44. Mota SEH, Castañeda-diez R, Zavala-martínez MT. Transfixion technique for the treatment of silicone oil pupillary block glaucoma refractory to nd-yag iridotomy[J]. Cir Cir, 2019, 87(2): 215-218. DOI: 10.24875/ciru.18000386.
45. Maccumber MW, Mccuen BW, 2nd, Toth CA, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator for preserving inferior peripheral iridectomy patency in eyes with silicone oil[J]. Ophthalmology, 1996, 103(2): 269-273. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30705-7.
46. Zalta AH, Boyle NS, Zalta AK. Silicone oil pupillary block: an exception to combined argon-nd: Yag laser iridotomy success in angle-closure glaucoma[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2007, 125(7): 883-888. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.125.7.883.

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