Scleral thickness in high myopic eyes_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

DengJunjie ,  HeXiangui , XuXun

Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai 200040, China (Deng Junjie, He Xiangui, Xu Xun); Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China (Deng Junjie, Xu Xun);

Corresponding author：

HeXiangui, Email: xianhezi@163.com

Keywords：

Sclera/pathology; Myopia, degenerative; Tomography, optical coherence; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.01.028

Video：

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Thinning and atrophy of sclerotic tissues play an important role in the development of high myopia. High myopic eyes had the thickest sclera at the posterior pole and the thinnest sclera at the equator. Most clinical studies found that scleral thickness was negatively correlative with the axial length. Patients complicated with posterior staphyloma had even thinner sclera, and its height was negatively related with the scleral thickness. At present, the main measurement methods for scleral thickness of high myopic eyes include histological measurement, enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT), and swept-source OCT. Following the development of OCT technique, it gradually becomes feasible to carry out studies on sclera thickness in mildly and moderately myopic populations, which is helpful to illuminate the mechanism of action of sclera on the onset and progression of high myopia.

Citation： DengJunjie, HeXiangui, XuXun. Scleral thickness in high myopic eyes. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2017, 33(1): 87-89. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.01.028 Copy

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2.	McBrien NA, Jobling AI, Gentle A. Biomechanics of the sclera in myopia: extracellular and cellular factors[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2009, 86(1): 23-30. DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181940669.
3.	Shelton L, Rada JA. Inhibition of human scleral fibroblast cell attachment to collagen type I by TGFBIp[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(8): 3542-3552. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3460.
4.	Norton TT, Rada JA. Reduced extracellular matrix in mammalian sclera with induced myopia[J].Vision Res, 1995, 35(9): 1271-1281.
5.	Rada JA, Nickla DL, Troilo D. Decreased proteoglycan synthesis associated with form deprivation myopia in mature primate eyes[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000, 41(8): 2050-2058.
6.	Moring AG, Baker JR, Norton TT. Modulation of glycosa-minoglycan levels in tree shrew sclera during lens-induced myopia development and recovery[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007, 48(7): 2947-2956.
7.	Guggenheim JA, McBrien NA. Form-deprivation myopia induces activation of scleral matrix metalloproteinase-2 in tree shrew[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1996, 37(7): 1380-1395.
8.	Jobling AI, Nguyen M, Gentle A, et al. Isoform-specific changes in scleral transforming growth factor-beta expression and the regulation of collagen synthesis during myopia progression[J]. J Biol Chem, 2004, 279(18): 18121-18126.
9.	McBrien NA. Regulation of scleral metabolism in myopia and the role of transforming growth factor-beta[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2013, 114: 128-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.01.014.
10.	Vurgese S, Panda-Jonas S, Jonas JB. Scleral thickness in human eyes[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(1): 29692[2012-01-06]. http://dx. doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone. 0029692. DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0029692.
11.	Shen L, You QS, Xu X, et al. Scleral thickness in Chinese eyes[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2015, 56(4): 2720-2727. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15631.
12.	Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozzoni MC. Enhanced depth imaging spectra-domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2008, 146(4): 496-500. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.05.032.
13.	Park HY, Shin HY, Park CK. Imaging the posterior segment of the eye using swept-source optical coherence tomography in myopic glaucoma eyes: comparison with enhanced-depth imaging[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 157(3): 550-557. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013. 11.008.
14.	Hayashi M, Ito Y, Takahashi A, et al. Scleral thickness in highly myopic eyes measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography[J]. Eye, 2013, 27(3): 410-417.DOI: 10.1038/ eye.2012.289.
15.	Ellabban AA, Tsujikawa A, Matsumoto A, et al. Three-dimensional tomographic features of dome-shaped macula by swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2013, 155(2): 320-328.DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.08.007.
16.	Lopilly Park HY, Lee NY, Choi JA, et al. Measurement of scleral thickness using swept-source optical coherence tomography in patients with open-angle glaucoma and myopia[J].Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 157(4): 876-884. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.01.007.
17.	Maruko I, Iida T, Sugano Y, et al. Morphologic analysis in pathologic myopia using high penetration optical coherence tomography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(7): 3834-3838. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9811.
18.	Ohno-Matsui K, Akiba M, Modegi T, et al. Association between shape of sclera and myopic retinochoroidal lesions in patients with pathologic myopia[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(10): 6046-6061. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10161.
19.	Norman RE, Flanagan JG, Rausch SM, et al. Dimensions of the human sclera: thickness measurement and regional changes with axial length[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2010, 90(2): 277-284.DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.001.
20.	Moriyama M, Ohno-Matsui K, Hayashi K, et al. Topographic analyses of shape of eyes with pathologic myopia by high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(8): 1626-1637. DOI: 10.1016/j.Ophtha.2011.01.018.
21.	Cheng HM, Singh OS, Kwong KK, et al. Shape of the myopic eye as seen with high-resolution magnetic resonance[J].Optom Vis Sci, 1992, 69(9): 698-701.
22.	Atchison DA, Pritchard N, Schmid KL, et al. Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2005, 46(8): 2698-2707.
23.	Singh KD, Logan NS, Gilmartin B. Three-dimensional modeling of the human eye based on magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2006, 47(6): 2272-2279.
24.	Ren R, Wang N, Li B, et al.Lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera histomorphometry in normal and advanced glaucomatous Chinese eyes with various axial length[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(5): 2175-2184. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1429.
25.	Ellabban AA, Tsujikawa A, Muraoka Y, et al. Dome-shaped macular configuration: longitudinal changes in the sclera and choroid by swept-source optical coherence tomography over two years[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 158(5): 1062-1070. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.08.006.

1. Gao H, Frost MR, Siegwart Jr JT, et al. Patterns of mRNA and protein expression during minus-lens compensation and recovery in tree shrew sclera[J]. Mol Vis, 2011, 17: 903-919.
2. McBrien NA, Jobling AI, Gentle A. Biomechanics of the sclera in myopia: extracellular and cellular factors[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2009, 86(1): 23-30. DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181940669.
3. Shelton L, Rada JA. Inhibition of human scleral fibroblast cell attachment to collagen type I by TGFBIp[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(8): 3542-3552. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3460.
4. Norton TT, Rada JA. Reduced extracellular matrix in mammalian sclera with induced myopia[J].Vision Res, 1995, 35(9): 1271-1281.
5. Rada JA, Nickla DL, Troilo D. Decreased proteoglycan synthesis associated with form deprivation myopia in mature primate eyes[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000, 41(8): 2050-2058.
6. Moring AG, Baker JR, Norton TT. Modulation of glycosa-minoglycan levels in tree shrew sclera during lens-induced myopia development and recovery[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007, 48(7): 2947-2956.
7. Guggenheim JA, McBrien NA. Form-deprivation myopia induces activation of scleral matrix metalloproteinase-2 in tree shrew[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1996, 37(7): 1380-1395.
8. Jobling AI, Nguyen M, Gentle A, et al. Isoform-specific changes in scleral transforming growth factor-beta expression and the regulation of collagen synthesis during myopia progression[J]. J Biol Chem, 2004, 279(18): 18121-18126.
9. McBrien NA. Regulation of scleral metabolism in myopia and the role of transforming growth factor-beta[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2013, 114: 128-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.01.014.
10. Vurgese S, Panda-Jonas S, Jonas JB. Scleral thickness in human eyes[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(1): 29692[2012-01-06]. http://dx. doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone. 0029692. DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0029692.
11. Shen L, You QS, Xu X, et al. Scleral thickness in Chinese eyes[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2015, 56(4): 2720-2727. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15631.
12. Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozzoni MC. Enhanced depth imaging spectra-domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2008, 146(4): 496-500. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.05.032.
13. Park HY, Shin HY, Park CK. Imaging the posterior segment of the eye using swept-source optical coherence tomography in myopic glaucoma eyes: comparison with enhanced-depth imaging[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 157(3): 550-557. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013. 11.008.
14. Hayashi M, Ito Y, Takahashi A, et al. Scleral thickness in highly myopic eyes measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography[J]. Eye, 2013, 27(3): 410-417.DOI: 10.1038/ eye.2012.289.
15. Ellabban AA, Tsujikawa A, Matsumoto A, et al. Three-dimensional tomographic features of dome-shaped macula by swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2013, 155(2): 320-328.DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.08.007.
16. Lopilly Park HY, Lee NY, Choi JA, et al. Measurement of scleral thickness using swept-source optical coherence tomography in patients with open-angle glaucoma and myopia[J].Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 157(4): 876-884. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.01.007.
17. Maruko I, Iida T, Sugano Y, et al. Morphologic analysis in pathologic myopia using high penetration optical coherence tomography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(7): 3834-3838. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9811.
18. Ohno-Matsui K, Akiba M, Modegi T, et al. Association between shape of sclera and myopic retinochoroidal lesions in patients with pathologic myopia[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(10): 6046-6061. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10161.
19. Norman RE, Flanagan JG, Rausch SM, et al. Dimensions of the human sclera: thickness measurement and regional changes with axial length[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2010, 90(2): 277-284.DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.001.
20. Moriyama M, Ohno-Matsui K, Hayashi K, et al. Topographic analyses of shape of eyes with pathologic myopia by high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(8): 1626-1637. DOI: 10.1016/j.Ophtha.2011.01.018.
21. Cheng HM, Singh OS, Kwong KK, et al. Shape of the myopic eye as seen with high-resolution magnetic resonance[J].Optom Vis Sci, 1992, 69(9): 698-701.
22. Atchison DA, Pritchard N, Schmid KL, et al. Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2005, 46(8): 2698-2707.
23. Singh KD, Logan NS, Gilmartin B. Three-dimensional modeling of the human eye based on magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2006, 47(6): 2272-2279.
24. Ren R, Wang N, Li B, et al.Lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera histomorphometry in normal and advanced glaucomatous Chinese eyes with various axial length[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(5): 2175-2184. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1429.
25. Ellabban AA, Tsujikawa A, Muraoka Y, et al. Dome-shaped macular configuration: longitudinal changes in the sclera and choroid by swept-source optical coherence tomography over two years[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 158(5): 1062-1070. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.08.006.

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