Research progress on application of mirror therapy_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

ZUO Xiuqin ,  JIA Zishan , ZHANG Lining

Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

JIA Zishan, Email: Jzs1963@163.com

Keywords：

Mirror therapy; Pain; Stroke; Cerebral palsy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201903070

Video：

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Mirror therapy is a rehabilitation therapy in which a mirror is placed between the arms or legs so that the image of a moving non-affected limb gives the illusion of normal movement in the affected limb. As a simple, safe, and low-cost treatment, mirror therapy has been widely used. By summarizing and analyzing the literature about mirror therapy at home and abroad, this article summarizes its mechanism and clinical application in pain, stroke, cerebral palsy and so on, so as to provide reference for research and application on mirror therapy.

Citation： ZUO Xiuqin, JIA Zishan, ZHANG Lining. Research progress on application of mirror therapy. West China Medical Journal, 2019, 34(5): 576-580. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201903070 Copy

1.	Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D, Cobb S. Touching the phantom limb. Nature, 1995, 377(6549): 489-490.
2.	Kraskov A, Philipp R, Waldert S, et al. Corticospinal mirror neurons. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2014, 369(1644): 20130174.
3.	Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, et al. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 1996, 3(2): 131-141.
4.	Cattaneo L, Rizzolatti G. The mirror neuron system. Arch Neurol, 2009, 66(5): 557-560.
5.	Michielsen ME, Selles RW, van der Geest JN, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phase Ⅱ randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2011, 25(3): 223-233.
6.	Stinear JW, Byblow WD. Disinhibition in the human motor cortex is enhanced by synchronous upper limb movements. J Physiol, 2002, 543(Pt 1): 307-316.
7.	Deconinck FJ, Smorenburg AR, Benham AA, et al. Reflections on mirror therapy: a systematic review of the effect of mirror visual feedback on the brain. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2015, 29(4): 349-361.
8.	Rocca MA, Mezzapesa DM, Comola M, et al. Persistence of congenital mirror movements after hemiplegic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2005, 26(4): 831-834.
9.	Dohle C, Puellen J, Nakaten A, et al. Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2009, 23(3): 209-217.
10.	李宁宁, 勾丽洁, 王凯旋. 镜像神经元系统的基础研究与临床应用现状. 中国康复医学杂志, 2019, 34(2): 243-247.
11.	华艳, 白玉龙. 镜像疗法在复杂区域性疼痛综合征治疗中的应用进展. 中国康复医学杂志, 2018, 33(1): 109-113.
12.	田中义, 郝涌刚, 刘新伟. 幻肢痛发病机制研究及临床治疗新进展. 中国康复医学杂志, 2016, 31(1): 110-114.
13.	Anghelescu D, Kelly C, Steen B, et al. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain at a pediatric oncology institution. Rehabil Oncol, 2016, 34(3): 104-110.
14.	田中义. 幻肢痛发病机制及临床治疗研究. 重庆: 重庆医科大学, 2017.
15.	Finn SB, Perry BN, Clasing JE, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of mirror therapy for upper extremity phantom limb pain in male amputees. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 267.
16.	Tilak M, Isaac SA, Fletcher J, et al. Mirror therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for management of phantom limb pain in amputees. A single blinded randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int, 2016, 21(2): 109-115.
17.	Hanling SR, Wallace SC, Hollenbeck KJ, et al. Preamputation mirror therapy may prevent development of phantom limb pain: a case series. Anesth Analg, 2010, 110(2): 611-614.
18.	Barbin J, Seetha V, Casillas JM, et al. The effects of mirror therapy on pain and motor control of phantom limb in amputees: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 2016, 59(4): 270-275.
19.	McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF, et al. A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Reumatology (Oxf), 2003, 42(1): 97-101.
20.	Cacchio A, De Blasis E, Necozione S, et al. Mirror therapy for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 and stroke. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(6): 634-636.
21.	Pervane Vural S, Nakipoglu Yuzer GF, Sezgin Ozcan D, et al. Effects of mirror therapy in stroke patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2016, 97(4): 575-581.
22.	Selles RW, Schreuders TA, Stam HJ. Mirror therapy in patients with causalgia (complex regional pain syndrome type Ⅱ) following peripheral nerve injury: two cases. J Rehabil Med, 2008, 40(4): 312-314.
23.	Sumitani M, Miyauchi S, McCabe CS, et al. Mirror visual feedback alleviates deafferentation pain, depending on qualitative aspects of the pain: a preliminary report. Rheumatalogy (Oxford), 2008, 47(7): 1038-1043.
24.	谢娜, 阮祥梅, 陈旦, 等. 镜像疗法对乳腺癌术后持续性疼痛的效果. 中国康复理论与实践, 2018, 24(2): 134-137.
25.	Fong KN, Ting KH, Chan CC, et al. Mirror therapy with bilateral arm training for hemiplegic upper extremity motor functions in patients with chronic stroke. Hong Kong Med J, 2019, 25(Suppl 3): S30-S34.
26.	Yavuzer G, Selles R, Sezer N, et al. Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2008, 89(3): 393-398.
27.	Antoniotti P, Veronelli L, Caronni A, et al. No evidence of effectiveness of mirror therapy early after stroke: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. (2019-01-23)［2019-04-10］. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215518824737.
28.	Pérez-Cruzado D, Merchán-Baeza JA, González-Sánchez M, et al. Systematic review of mirror therapy compared with conventional rehabilitation in upper extremity function in stroke survivors. Aust Occup Ther J, 2017, 64(2): 91-112.
29.	Cristina LM, Matei D, Ignat B, et al. Mirror therapy enhances upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Belg, 2015, 115(4): 597-603.
30.	Lee MM, Cho HY, Song CH. The mirror therapy program enhances upper-limb motor recovery and motor function in acute stroke patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2012, 91(8): 689-696.
31.	Park JY, Chang M, Kim KM, et al. The effect of mirror therapy on upper-extremity function and activities of daily living in stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015, 27(6): 1681-1683.
32.	Sütbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, et al. Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2007, 88(5): 555-559.
33.	黎伟雄, 龙耀斌. 镜像疗法对脑卒中偏瘫下肢功能的影响. 中国康复理论与实践, 2018, 24(5): 571-574.
34.	Mohan U, Babu SK, Kumar KV, et al. Effectiveness of mirror therapy on lower extremity motor recovery, balance and mobility in patients with acute stroke: a randomized sham-controlled pilot trial. Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 2013, 16(4): 634-639.
35.	Broderick P, Horgan F, Blake C, et al. Mirror therapy for improving lower limb motor function and mobility after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture, 2018, 63: 208-220.
36.	Pandian JD, Arora R, Kaur P, et al. Mirror therapy in unilateral neglect after stroke (MUST trial): a randomized controlled trial. Neurology, 2014, 83(11): 1012-1017.
37.	Thieme H, Morkisch N, Mehrholz J, et al. Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018(7): CD008449.
38.	Zelnik N, Lahat E, Heyman E, et al. The role of prematurity in patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol, 2016, 31(6): 678-682.
39.	Feltham MG, Ledebt A, Deconinck FJ. Mirror visual feedback induces lower neuromuscular activity in children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil, 2010, 31(6): 1525-1535.
40.	彭光阳. 镜像疗法对痉挛型偏瘫患儿上肢功能的影响. 中国儿童保健杂志, 2018, 26(7): 803-805.
41.	Park EJ, Baek SH, Park S. Systematic review of the effects of mirror therapy in children with cerebral palsy. J Phys Ther Sc, 2016, 28(11): 3227-3231.
42.	Nakamura K, Toda N, Sakamaki K, et al. Biofeedback rehabilitation for prevention of synkinesis after facial palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2003, 128(4): 539-543.
43.	Azuma T, Nakamura K, Takahashi M, et al. Mirror biofeedback rehabilitation after administration of single-dose botulinum toxin treatment of facial synkinesia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2012, 146(1): 40-45.
44.	Dalla Toffola E, Tinelli C, Lozza A, et al. Choosing the best rehabilitation treatment for Bell’s palsy. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2012, 48(4): 635-642.
45.	Ding L, Li L, Xu Z, et al. Computer vision technology-based face mirroring system providing mirror therapy for Bell’s palsy patients. Disabil Rehabil. (2019-01-11)［2019-03-02］. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1510551.
46.	丁力, 荣积峰, 崔晓, 等. 基于" 闭环康复”的数字化镜像疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能恢复的影响. 华西医学, 2018, 33(10): 1232-1237.

1. Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D, Cobb S. Touching the phantom limb. Nature, 1995, 377(6549): 489-490.
2. Kraskov A, Philipp R, Waldert S, et al. Corticospinal mirror neurons. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2014, 369(1644): 20130174.
3. Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, et al. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 1996, 3(2): 131-141.
4. Cattaneo L, Rizzolatti G. The mirror neuron system. Arch Neurol, 2009, 66(5): 557-560.
5. Michielsen ME, Selles RW, van der Geest JN, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phase Ⅱ randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2011, 25(3): 223-233.
6. Stinear JW, Byblow WD. Disinhibition in the human motor cortex is enhanced by synchronous upper limb movements. J Physiol, 2002, 543(Pt 1): 307-316.
7. Deconinck FJ, Smorenburg AR, Benham AA, et al. Reflections on mirror therapy: a systematic review of the effect of mirror visual feedback on the brain. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2015, 29(4): 349-361.
8. Rocca MA, Mezzapesa DM, Comola M, et al. Persistence of congenital mirror movements after hemiplegic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2005, 26(4): 831-834.
9. Dohle C, Puellen J, Nakaten A, et al. Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 2009, 23(3): 209-217.
10. 李宁宁, 勾丽洁, 王凯旋. 镜像神经元系统的基础研究与临床应用现状. 中国康复医学杂志, 2019, 34(2): 243-247.
11. 华艳, 白玉龙. 镜像疗法在复杂区域性疼痛综合征治疗中的应用进展. 中国康复医学杂志, 2018, 33(1): 109-113.
12. 田中义, 郝涌刚, 刘新伟. 幻肢痛发病机制研究及临床治疗新进展. 中国康复医学杂志, 2016, 31(1): 110-114.
13. Anghelescu D, Kelly C, Steen B, et al. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain at a pediatric oncology institution. Rehabil Oncol, 2016, 34(3): 104-110.
14. 田中义. 幻肢痛发病机制及临床治疗研究. 重庆: 重庆医科大学, 2017.
15. Finn SB, Perry BN, Clasing JE, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of mirror therapy for upper extremity phantom limb pain in male amputees. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 267.
16. Tilak M, Isaac SA, Fletcher J, et al. Mirror therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for management of phantom limb pain in amputees. A single blinded randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int, 2016, 21(2): 109-115.
17. Hanling SR, Wallace SC, Hollenbeck KJ, et al. Preamputation mirror therapy may prevent development of phantom limb pain: a case series. Anesth Analg, 2010, 110(2): 611-614.
18. Barbin J, Seetha V, Casillas JM, et al. The effects of mirror therapy on pain and motor control of phantom limb in amputees: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 2016, 59(4): 270-275.
19. McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF, et al. A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Reumatology (Oxf), 2003, 42(1): 97-101.
20. Cacchio A, De Blasis E, Necozione S, et al. Mirror therapy for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 and stroke. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(6): 634-636.
21. Pervane Vural S, Nakipoglu Yuzer GF, Sezgin Ozcan D, et al. Effects of mirror therapy in stroke patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2016, 97(4): 575-581.
22. Selles RW, Schreuders TA, Stam HJ. Mirror therapy in patients with causalgia (complex regional pain syndrome type Ⅱ) following peripheral nerve injury: two cases. J Rehabil Med, 2008, 40(4): 312-314.
23. Sumitani M, Miyauchi S, McCabe CS, et al. Mirror visual feedback alleviates deafferentation pain, depending on qualitative aspects of the pain: a preliminary report. Rheumatalogy (Oxford), 2008, 47(7): 1038-1043.
24. 谢娜, 阮祥梅, 陈旦, 等. 镜像疗法对乳腺癌术后持续性疼痛的效果. 中国康复理论与实践, 2018, 24(2): 134-137.
25. Fong KN, Ting KH, Chan CC, et al. Mirror therapy with bilateral arm training for hemiplegic upper extremity motor functions in patients with chronic stroke. Hong Kong Med J, 2019, 25(Suppl 3): S30-S34.
26. Yavuzer G, Selles R, Sezer N, et al. Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2008, 89(3): 393-398.
27. Antoniotti P, Veronelli L, Caronni A, et al. No evidence of effectiveness of mirror therapy early after stroke: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. (2019-01-23)［2019-04-10］. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215518824737.
28. Pérez-Cruzado D, Merchán-Baeza JA, González-Sánchez M, et al. Systematic review of mirror therapy compared with conventional rehabilitation in upper extremity function in stroke survivors. Aust Occup Ther J, 2017, 64(2): 91-112.
29. Cristina LM, Matei D, Ignat B, et al. Mirror therapy enhances upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Belg, 2015, 115(4): 597-603.
30. Lee MM, Cho HY, Song CH. The mirror therapy program enhances upper-limb motor recovery and motor function in acute stroke patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2012, 91(8): 689-696.
31. Park JY, Chang M, Kim KM, et al. The effect of mirror therapy on upper-extremity function and activities of daily living in stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015, 27(6): 1681-1683.
32. Sütbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, et al. Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2007, 88(5): 555-559.
33. 黎伟雄, 龙耀斌. 镜像疗法对脑卒中偏瘫下肢功能的影响. 中国康复理论与实践, 2018, 24(5): 571-574.
34. Mohan U, Babu SK, Kumar KV, et al. Effectiveness of mirror therapy on lower extremity motor recovery, balance and mobility in patients with acute stroke: a randomized sham-controlled pilot trial. Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 2013, 16(4): 634-639.
35. Broderick P, Horgan F, Blake C, et al. Mirror therapy for improving lower limb motor function and mobility after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture, 2018, 63: 208-220.
36. Pandian JD, Arora R, Kaur P, et al. Mirror therapy in unilateral neglect after stroke (MUST trial): a randomized controlled trial. Neurology, 2014, 83(11): 1012-1017.
37. Thieme H, Morkisch N, Mehrholz J, et al. Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018(7): CD008449.
38. Zelnik N, Lahat E, Heyman E, et al. The role of prematurity in patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol, 2016, 31(6): 678-682.
39. Feltham MG, Ledebt A, Deconinck FJ. Mirror visual feedback induces lower neuromuscular activity in children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil, 2010, 31(6): 1525-1535.
40. 彭光阳. 镜像疗法对痉挛型偏瘫患儿上肢功能的影响. 中国儿童保健杂志, 2018, 26(7): 803-805.
41. Park EJ, Baek SH, Park S. Systematic review of the effects of mirror therapy in children with cerebral palsy. J Phys Ther Sc, 2016, 28(11): 3227-3231.
42. Nakamura K, Toda N, Sakamaki K, et al. Biofeedback rehabilitation for prevention of synkinesis after facial palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2003, 128(4): 539-543.
43. Azuma T, Nakamura K, Takahashi M, et al. Mirror biofeedback rehabilitation after administration of single-dose botulinum toxin treatment of facial synkinesia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2012, 146(1): 40-45.
44. Dalla Toffola E, Tinelli C, Lozza A, et al. Choosing the best rehabilitation treatment for Bell’s palsy. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2012, 48(4): 635-642.
45. Ding L, Li L, Xu Z, et al. Computer vision technology-based face mirroring system providing mirror therapy for Bell’s palsy patients. Disabil Rehabil. (2019-01-11)［2019-03-02］. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1510551.
46. 丁力, 荣积峰, 崔晓, 等. 基于" 闭环康复”的数字化镜像疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能恢复的影响. 华西医学, 2018, 33(10): 1232-1237.

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