Development and future of the minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

WANG Wenping , HE Songlin , YANG Yushang , NI Pengzhi ,  CHEN Longqi

Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Longqi, Email: drchenlq@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Esophageal cancer; minimally invasive esophagectomy; complication; fast track; quality of life; endoscopic submucosal dissection

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201709015

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

In this review, development and application of the minimally invasive esophagectomy(MIE) for esophageal cancer are discussed including the types of MIE procedures, short- and long- term outcome after MIE; as well the future of MIE is forecasted. Main procedures of MIE performed currently include esophagectomy via thoracoscopy and laparoscopy and cervical esophagogastrosty, Ivor-Lewis MIE via thoracoscopy and laparoscopy, and hiatal MIE. Ivor-Lewis MIE gradually becomes a standard surgical option for the cancer of distal esophagus or esophagogastric junction while the solution of intrathoracic anastomosis via thoracoscopy has achieved. Several methods of intrathoracic anastomosis are reported such as hand-sewn, circular stapler, side-to-side and triangular anastomosis. MIE could decrease operative blood loss, shorten hospital stay and ICU stay, reduce postoperative especially pulmonary complications, and harvest more lymph nodes compared to open esophagectomy. The long-term survival has been proved similar with that after open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. MIE has developed rapidly in recent years with some aspects in future prospectively: individual MIE treatment and quality of life, fast track after surgery, and robot-assisted MIE, as well the endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal cancer is mentioned.

Citation： WANG Wenping, HE Songlin, YANG Yushang, NI Pengzhi, CHEN Longqi. Development and future of the minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2018, 25(4): 338-344. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201709015 Copy

1.	Barbat JH. Thoracic esophagectomy: Report of a case. Cal State J Med, 1913, 11(6): 225-227.
2.	Luketich JD, Alvelo-Rivera M, Buenaventura PO, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy: outcomes in 222 patients. Ann Surg, 2003, 238(4): 486-495.
3.	Luketich JD, Schauer PR, Christie NA, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2000, 70(3): 906-912.
4.	曲家骐, 侯维平, 高昕, 等. 电视胸腔镜食管癌切除术八例初步报告. 中华外科杂志, 1996, 34(2): 84-86.
5.	Chui PT, Mainland P, Chung SC, et al. Anaesthesia for three-stage thoracoscopic oesophagectomy: an initial experience. Anaesth Intens Care, 1994, 22(5): 593-596.
6.	Cuschieri A. Thoracoscopic subtotal oesophagectomy. Endo Surg Allied Tech, 1994, 2(1): 21-25.
7.	Krasna MJ, Reed CE, Jaklitsch MT, et al. Thoracoscopic staging of esophageal cancer: a prospective, multiinstitutional trial. Cancer and Leukemia Group B Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg, 1995, 60(5): 1337-1340.
8.	Krasna MJ. Minimally invasive staging for esophageal cancer. Chest, 1997, 112(4 Suppl): 191S-194S.
9.	Santillan AA, Farma JM, Meredith KL, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for esophageal cancer. JNCCN, 2008, 6(9): 879-884.
10.	Liebermann-Meffert DM, Meier R, Siewert JR. Vascular anatomy of the gastric tube used for esophageal reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg, 1992, 54(6): 1110-1115.
11.	Cash JC, Zehetner J, Hedayati B, et al. Outcomes following laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Endoscopy, 2014, 28(2): 492-499.
12.	Guo W, Zou YB, Ma Z, et al. One surgeon's learning curve for video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer with the patient in lateral position: how many cases are needed to reach competence? Surg Endoscopy, 2013, 27(4): 1346-1352.
13.	高永山, 王允, 陈龙奇, 等. 两种体位微创食管癌切除术的比较. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2011, 2(6): 876-877.
14.	Yatabe T, Kitagawa H, Yamashita K, et al. Better postoperative oxygenation in thoracoscopic esophagectomy in prone positioning. J Anesthesia, 2010, 24(5): 803-806.
15.	Tabira Y, Sakaguchi T, Kuhara H, et al. The width of a gastric tube has no impact on outcome after esophagectomy. Am J Surg, 2004, 187(3): 417-421.
16.	Shi H, Wang WP, Gao Q, et al. Single-stage surgical repair of airway gastric fistula after esophagectomy. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2014, 9: 30.
17.	Cadiere GB, Dapri G, Himpens J, et al. Ivor Lewis esophagectomy with manual esogastric anastomosis by thoracoscopy in prone position and laparoscopy. Surg Endoscopy, 2010, 24(6): 1482-1485.
18.	Nguyen TN, Hinojosa MW, Smith BR, et al. Thoracoscopic construction of an intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis using a circular stapler: transoral placement of the anvil. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 86(3): 989-992.
19.	Okabe H, Tanaka E, Tsunoda S, et al. Intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis using a linear stapler following minimally invasive esophagectomy in the prone position. J Gastroint Surg, 2013, 17(2): 397-402.
20.	Ben-David K, Sarosi GA, Cendan JC, et al. Technique of minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy with intrathoracic stapled side-to-side anastomosis. J Gastroint Surg, 2010, 14(10): 1613-1618.
21.	Dong YN, Zhang L, Sun N, et al. Novel T-shaped linear-stapled intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis for minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(4): 1459-1463.
22.	Noshiro H, Urata M, Ikeda O, et al. Triangulating stapling technique for esophagogastrostomy after minimally invasive esophagectomy. Surg, 2013, 154(3): 604-610.
23.	Verhage RJ, Hazebroek EJ, Boone J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery compared to open procedures in esophagectomy for cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Minerva Chirurgica, 2009, 64(2): 135-146.
24.	Yamamoto S, Kawahara K, Maekawa T, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for stage I and II esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2005, 80(6): 2070-2075.
25.	Aly A, Watson DI. Diaphragmatic hernia after minimally invasive esophagectomy. Dis Esophagus, 2004, 17(2): 183-186.
26.	Cadiere GB, Torres R, Dapri G, et al. Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic oesophagectomy improves the quality of extended lymphadenectomy. Surg Endoscopy, 2006, 20(8): 1308-1309.
27.	Noshiro H, Iwasaki H, Kobayashi K, et al. Lymphadenectomy along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve by a minimally invasive esophagectomy in the prone position for thoracic esophageal cancer. Surg Endoscopy, 2010, 24(12): 2965-2973.
28.	Thomson IG, Smithers BM, Gotley DC, et al. Thoracoscopic-assisted esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: analysis of patterns and prognostic factors for recurrence. Ann Surg, 2010, 252(2): 281-21.
29.	Ben-David K, Rossidis G, Zlotecki RA, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy is safe and effective following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(12): 3324-3329.
30.	Berger AC, Bloomenthal A, Weksler B, et al. Oncologic efficacy is not compromised, and may be improved with minimally invasive esophagectomy. J Am Coll Surg, 2011, 212(4): 560-568.
31.	Ben-David K, Sarosi GA, Cendan JC, et al. Decreasing morbidity and mortality in 100 consecutive minimally invasive esophagectomies. Surg Endoscopy, 2012, 26(1): 162-167.
32.	Dantoc MM, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Does minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) provide for comparable oncologic outcomes to open techniques? A systematic review. J Gastroint Surg, 2012, 16(3): 486-494.
33.	Rosmolen WD, Boer KR, de Leeuw RJ, et al. Quality of life and fear of cancer recurrence after endoscopic and surgical treatment for early neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy, 2010, 42(7): 525-531.
34.	Biere SS, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Maas KW, et al. Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2012, 379(9829): 1887-1892.
35.	Straatman J, van der Wielen N, Cuesta MA, et al. Minimally invasive versus open esophageal resection: three-year follow-up of the previously reported randomized controlled trial: the TIME Trial. Ann Surg, 2017, 266(2): 232-236.
36.	Smithers BM, Gotley DC, Martin I, et al. Comparison of the outcomes between open and minimally invasive esophagectomy. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(2): 232-240.
37.	Parameswaran R, Veeramootoo D, Krishnadas R, et al. Comparative experience of open and minimally invasive esophagogastric resection. World J Surg, 2009, 33(9): 1868-1875.
38.	Zingg U, McQuinn A, DiValentino D, et al. Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 87(3): 911-919.
39.	Schoppmann SF, Prager G, Langer FB, et al. Open versus minimally invasive esophagectomy: a single-center case controlled study. Surg Endoscopy, 2010, 24(12): 3044-3053.
40.	Kinjo Y, Kurita N, Nakamura F, et al. Effectiveness of combined thoracoscopic-laparoscopic esophagectomy: comparison of postoperative complications and midterm oncological outcomes in patients with esophageal cancer. Surg Endoscopy, 2012, 26(2): 381-390.
41.	Mamidanna R, Bottle A, Aylin P, et al. Short-term outcomes following open versus minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer in England: a population-based national study. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(2): 197-203.
42.	Sihag S, Wright CD, Wain JC, et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes following open versus minimally invasive Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy at a single, high-volume centre. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg, 2012, 42(3): 430-437.
43.	Dolan JP, Kaur T, Diggs BS, et al. Impact of comorbidity on outcomes and overall survival after open and minimally invasive esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal cancer. Surg Endoscopy, 2013, 27(11): 4094-4103.
44.	Hsu PK, Huang CS, Wu YC, et al. Open versus thoracoscopic esophagectomy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg, 2014, 38(2): 402-409.
45.	Sihag S, Kosinski AS, Gaissert HA, et al. Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a comparison of early surgical outcomes from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 101(4): 1281-1219.
46.	Yerokun BA, Sun Z, Jeffrey Yang CF, et al. Minimally Invasive Versus Open Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: A Population-Based Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(2): 416-423.
47.	Takeuchi H, Miyata H, Ozawa S, U et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes between open and minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer using a nationwide database in Japan. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017, 24(7): 1821-1827.
48.	van Workum F, van der Maas J, van den Wildenberg FJ, et al. Improved functional results after minimally invasive esophagectomy: intrathoracic versus cervical anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(1): 267-273.
49.	Markar SR, Arya S, Karthikesalingam A, et al. Technical factors that affect anastomotic integrity following esophagectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(13): 4274-4281.
50.	王天佑. 快速康复理念与胸外科. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2014, 21(1): 3-4.
51.	Pan H, Hu X, Yu Z, et al. Use of a fast-track surgery protocol on patients undergoing minimally invasive oesophagectomy: preliminary results. Inter Cardiovas Thorac Surg, 2014, 19(3): 441-447.
52.	李印. 快速康复外科在食管癌治疗中的应用. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2014, 17(9): 865-868.
53.	Dapri G, Himpens J, Cadiere GB. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy with the patient in the prone position. J Laparo Adv Surg Tech, 2006, 16(3): 278-285.
54.	Weksler B, Sharma P, Moudgill N, et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy is equivalent to thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy. Dis Esophagus, 2012, 25(5): 403-409.
55.	Ruurda JP, van der Sluis PC, van der Horst S, et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: A systematic review. J Surg Oncol, 2015, 112(3): 257-265.
56.	van der Sluis PC, Ruurda JP, Verhage RJ, et al. Oncologic long-term results of robot-assisted minimally invasive thoraco-laparoscopic esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2015, 22(Suppl 3): S1350-S1356.
57.	中华医学会消化内镜学分会, 中国抗癌协会肿瘤内镜专业委员会. 中国早期食管癌筛查及内镜诊治专家共识. 中华消化杂志, 2015, 35(5): 294-299.
58.	Tsujii Y, Nishida T, Nishiyama O, et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal neoplasms: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Endoscopy, 2015, 47(9): 775-783.
59.	Park JS, Youn YH, Park JJ, et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous neoplasms. Clin Endoscopy, 2016, 49(2): 168-175.
60.	Yamada M, Oda I, Nonaka S, et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic resection of superficial adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. Endoscopy, 2013, 45(12): 992-996.

1. Barbat JH. Thoracic esophagectomy: Report of a case. Cal State J Med, 1913, 11(6): 225-227.
2. Luketich JD, Alvelo-Rivera M, Buenaventura PO, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy: outcomes in 222 patients. Ann Surg, 2003, 238(4): 486-495.
3. Luketich JD, Schauer PR, Christie NA, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2000, 70(3): 906-912.
4. 曲家骐, 侯维平, 高昕, 等. 电视胸腔镜食管癌切除术八例初步报告. 中华外科杂志, 1996, 34(2): 84-86.
5. Chui PT, Mainland P, Chung SC, et al. Anaesthesia for three-stage thoracoscopic oesophagectomy: an initial experience. Anaesth Intens Care, 1994, 22(5): 593-596.
6. Cuschieri A. Thoracoscopic subtotal oesophagectomy. Endo Surg Allied Tech, 1994, 2(1): 21-25.
7. Krasna MJ, Reed CE, Jaklitsch MT, et al. Thoracoscopic staging of esophageal cancer: a prospective, multiinstitutional trial. Cancer and Leukemia Group B Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg, 1995, 60(5): 1337-1340.
8. Krasna MJ. Minimally invasive staging for esophageal cancer. Chest, 1997, 112(4 Suppl): 191S-194S.
9. Santillan AA, Farma JM, Meredith KL, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for esophageal cancer. JNCCN, 2008, 6(9): 879-884.
10. Liebermann-Meffert DM, Meier R, Siewert JR. Vascular anatomy of the gastric tube used for esophageal reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg, 1992, 54(6): 1110-1115.
11. Cash JC, Zehetner J, Hedayati B, et al. Outcomes following laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Endoscopy, 2014, 28(2): 492-499.
12. Guo W, Zou YB, Ma Z, et al. One surgeon's learning curve for video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer with the patient in lateral position: how many cases are needed to reach competence? Surg Endoscopy, 2013, 27(4): 1346-1352.
13. 高永山, 王允, 陈龙奇, 等. 两种体位微创食管癌切除术的比较. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2011, 2(6): 876-877.
14. Yatabe T, Kitagawa H, Yamashita K, et al. Better postoperative oxygenation in thoracoscopic esophagectomy in prone positioning. J Anesthesia, 2010, 24(5): 803-806.
15. Tabira Y, Sakaguchi T, Kuhara H, et al. The width of a gastric tube has no impact on outcome after esophagectomy. Am J Surg, 2004, 187(3): 417-421.
16. Shi H, Wang WP, Gao Q, et al. Single-stage surgical repair of airway gastric fistula after esophagectomy. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2014, 9: 30.
17. Cadiere GB, Dapri G, Himpens J, et al. Ivor Lewis esophagectomy with manual esogastric anastomosis by thoracoscopy in prone position and laparoscopy. Surg Endoscopy, 2010, 24(6): 1482-1485.
18. Nguyen TN, Hinojosa MW, Smith BR, et al. Thoracoscopic construction of an intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis using a circular stapler: transoral placement of the anvil. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 86(3): 989-992.
19. Okabe H, Tanaka E, Tsunoda S, et al. Intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis using a linear stapler following minimally invasive esophagectomy in the prone position. J Gastroint Surg, 2013, 17(2): 397-402.
20. Ben-David K, Sarosi GA, Cendan JC, et al. Technique of minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy with intrathoracic stapled side-to-side anastomosis. J Gastroint Surg, 2010, 14(10): 1613-1618.
21. Dong YN, Zhang L, Sun N, et al. Novel T-shaped linear-stapled intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis for minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(4): 1459-1463.
22. Noshiro H, Urata M, Ikeda O, et al. Triangulating stapling technique for esophagogastrostomy after minimally invasive esophagectomy. Surg, 2013, 154(3): 604-610.
23. Verhage RJ, Hazebroek EJ, Boone J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery compared to open procedures in esophagectomy for cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Minerva Chirurgica, 2009, 64(2): 135-146.
24. Yamamoto S, Kawahara K, Maekawa T, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for stage I and II esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2005, 80(6): 2070-2075.
25. Aly A, Watson DI. Diaphragmatic hernia after minimally invasive esophagectomy. Dis Esophagus, 2004, 17(2): 183-186.
26. Cadiere GB, Torres R, Dapri G, et al. Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic oesophagectomy improves the quality of extended lymphadenectomy. Surg Endoscopy, 2006, 20(8): 1308-1309.
27. Noshiro H, Iwasaki H, Kobayashi K, et al. Lymphadenectomy along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve by a minimally invasive esophagectomy in the prone position for thoracic esophageal cancer. Surg Endoscopy, 2010, 24(12): 2965-2973.
28. Thomson IG, Smithers BM, Gotley DC, et al. Thoracoscopic-assisted esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: analysis of patterns and prognostic factors for recurrence. Ann Surg, 2010, 252(2): 281-21.
29. Ben-David K, Rossidis G, Zlotecki RA, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy is safe and effective following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(12): 3324-3329.
30. Berger AC, Bloomenthal A, Weksler B, et al. Oncologic efficacy is not compromised, and may be improved with minimally invasive esophagectomy. J Am Coll Surg, 2011, 212(4): 560-568.
31. Ben-David K, Sarosi GA, Cendan JC, et al. Decreasing morbidity and mortality in 100 consecutive minimally invasive esophagectomies. Surg Endoscopy, 2012, 26(1): 162-167.
32. Dantoc MM, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Does minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) provide for comparable oncologic outcomes to open techniques? A systematic review. J Gastroint Surg, 2012, 16(3): 486-494.
33. Rosmolen WD, Boer KR, de Leeuw RJ, et al. Quality of life and fear of cancer recurrence after endoscopic and surgical treatment for early neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy, 2010, 42(7): 525-531.
34. Biere SS, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Maas KW, et al. Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2012, 379(9829): 1887-1892.
35. Straatman J, van der Wielen N, Cuesta MA, et al. Minimally invasive versus open esophageal resection: three-year follow-up of the previously reported randomized controlled trial: the TIME Trial. Ann Surg, 2017, 266(2): 232-236.
36. Smithers BM, Gotley DC, Martin I, et al. Comparison of the outcomes between open and minimally invasive esophagectomy. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(2): 232-240.
37. Parameswaran R, Veeramootoo D, Krishnadas R, et al. Comparative experience of open and minimally invasive esophagogastric resection. World J Surg, 2009, 33(9): 1868-1875.
38. Zingg U, McQuinn A, DiValentino D, et al. Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 87(3): 911-919.
39. Schoppmann SF, Prager G, Langer FB, et al. Open versus minimally invasive esophagectomy: a single-center case controlled study. Surg Endoscopy, 2010, 24(12): 3044-3053.
40. Kinjo Y, Kurita N, Nakamura F, et al. Effectiveness of combined thoracoscopic-laparoscopic esophagectomy: comparison of postoperative complications and midterm oncological outcomes in patients with esophageal cancer. Surg Endoscopy, 2012, 26(2): 381-390.
41. Mamidanna R, Bottle A, Aylin P, et al. Short-term outcomes following open versus minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer in England: a population-based national study. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(2): 197-203.
42. Sihag S, Wright CD, Wain JC, et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes following open versus minimally invasive Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy at a single, high-volume centre. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg, 2012, 42(3): 430-437.
43. Dolan JP, Kaur T, Diggs BS, et al. Impact of comorbidity on outcomes and overall survival after open and minimally invasive esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal cancer. Surg Endoscopy, 2013, 27(11): 4094-4103.
44. Hsu PK, Huang CS, Wu YC, et al. Open versus thoracoscopic esophagectomy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg, 2014, 38(2): 402-409.
45. Sihag S, Kosinski AS, Gaissert HA, et al. Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a comparison of early surgical outcomes from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 101(4): 1281-1219.
46. Yerokun BA, Sun Z, Jeffrey Yang CF, et al. Minimally Invasive Versus Open Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: A Population-Based Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(2): 416-423.
47. Takeuchi H, Miyata H, Ozawa S, U et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes between open and minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer using a nationwide database in Japan. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017, 24(7): 1821-1827.
48. van Workum F, van der Maas J, van den Wildenberg FJ, et al. Improved functional results after minimally invasive esophagectomy: intrathoracic versus cervical anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(1): 267-273.
49. Markar SR, Arya S, Karthikesalingam A, et al. Technical factors that affect anastomotic integrity following esophagectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(13): 4274-4281.
50. 王天佑. 快速康复理念与胸外科. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2014, 21(1): 3-4.
51. Pan H, Hu X, Yu Z, et al. Use of a fast-track surgery protocol on patients undergoing minimally invasive oesophagectomy: preliminary results. Inter Cardiovas Thorac Surg, 2014, 19(3): 441-447.
52. 李印. 快速康复外科在食管癌治疗中的应用. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2014, 17(9): 865-868.
53. Dapri G, Himpens J, Cadiere GB. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy with the patient in the prone position. J Laparo Adv Surg Tech, 2006, 16(3): 278-285.
54. Weksler B, Sharma P, Moudgill N, et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy is equivalent to thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy. Dis Esophagus, 2012, 25(5): 403-409.
55. Ruurda JP, van der Sluis PC, van der Horst S, et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: A systematic review. J Surg Oncol, 2015, 112(3): 257-265.
56. van der Sluis PC, Ruurda JP, Verhage RJ, et al. Oncologic long-term results of robot-assisted minimally invasive thoraco-laparoscopic esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2015, 22(Suppl 3): S1350-S1356.
57. 中华医学会消化内镜学分会, 中国抗癌协会肿瘤内镜专业委员会. 中国早期食管癌筛查及内镜诊治专家共识. 中华消化杂志, 2015, 35(5): 294-299.
58. Tsujii Y, Nishida T, Nishiyama O, et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal neoplasms: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Endoscopy, 2015, 47(9): 775-783.
59. Park JS, Youn YH, Park JJ, et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous neoplasms. Clin Endoscopy, 2016, 49(2): 168-175.
60. Yamada M, Oda I, Nonaka S, et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic resection of superficial adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. Endoscopy, 2013, 45(12): 992-996.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Development and future of the minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

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