The advancements in the relationship between imaging features of lung-ground glass opacity and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

TANG Ru , LYU Mengyuan , ZHOU Jian , WANG Zihuai , CHEN Nan ,  LIU Lunxu

Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

LIU Lunxu, Email: lunxu_liu@aliyun.com

Keywords：

Ground-glass opacity; lung adenocarcinoma; prognosis; image characteristic

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201905059

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

With the development of technology, the detection rate of ground-glass opacity (GGO) is rapidly increasing. GGO comprises of pure GGO and mixed GGO. Many researches have studied the characteristics of GGO, and they found that different malignant probability of GGO was associated with different image characteristics. It is obvious that there is a close relationship between the image characteristics of GGO and its prognosis. However, due to the various image characteristics of GGO, it is essential to assess the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients in a more comprehensive way. In this review, we summarize the correlation between the main GGO image features (solid proportion, size, mean CT value, shape characteristics) and the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients, to provide clinical reference for prognosis prediction and decision-making for patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Citation： TANG Ru, LYU Mengyuan, ZHOU Jian, WANG Zihuai, CHEN Nan, LIU Lunxu. The advancements in the relationship between imaging features of lung-ground glass opacity and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2019, 26(12): 1252-1257. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201905059 Copy

1.	Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2.	Shi J, Hua X, Zhu B, et al. Somatic genomics and clinical features of lung adenocarcinoma: A retrospective study. PLoS Med, 2016, 13(12): e1002162.
3.	彭明政, 林之枫, 周建华, 等. 肺磨玻璃影的随访及预后相关因素研究进展. 现代生物医学进展, 2015, 15(29): 5768-5772.
4.	Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, et al. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology, 2008, 246(3): 697-722.
5.	李亚男, 张伟华, 余秉翔. 肺部 CT 多发磨玻璃结节的病理诊断分析. 解放军医学院学报, 2014, 35(6): 585-588.
6.	李镭, 刘丹, 朱盈盈, 等. 肺磨玻璃结节临床研究进展. 中国肺癌杂志, 2016, 19(2): 102-107.
7.	Park CM, Goo JM, Lee HJ, et al. Nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: histologic correlation and evaluation of change at follow-up. Radiographics, 2007, 27(2): 391-408.
8.	Remyjardin M, Giraud F, Remy J, et al. Importance of ground-glass attenuation in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: pathologic-CT correlation. Radiology, 1993, 189(3): 693-698.
9.	Fan L, Liu SY, Li QC, et al. Multidetector CT features of pulmonary focal ground-glass opacity: differences between benign and malignant. Br J Radiol, 2012, 85(1015): 897.
10.	Hiramatsu M, Inagaki T, Inagaki T, et al. Pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions-large size and a history of lung cancer are risk factors for growth. J Thorac Oncol, 2008, 3(11): 1245-1250.
11.	Beigelman-Aubry C, Godet C, Caumes E. Lung infections: The radiologist's perspective. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2012, 93(6): 431-440.
12.	Heitzman ER, Markarian B, Raasch BN, et al. Pathways of tumor spread through the lung: radiologic correlations with anatomy and pathology. Radiology, 1982, 144(1): 3-14.
13.	Noguchi M, Shimosato Y. The development and progression of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer Treat Res, 1995, 72(72): 131.
14.	Kobayashi Y, Mitsudomi T. Management of ground-glass opacities: should all pulmonary lesions with ground-glass opacity be surgically resected? Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2013, 2(5): 354-363.
15.	Miao Y, Zhang J, Zou J, et al. Correlation in histological subtypes with high resolution computed tomography signatures of early stage lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2017, 6(1): 14.
16.	Miao XH, Yuan DM, Lv YL, et al. Prognostic value of the ratio of ground glass opacity on computed tomography in small lung adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis, 2012, 4(3): 265-271.
17.	Lee HY, Lee KS. Ground-glass opacity nodules: histopathology, imaging evaluation, and clinical implications. J Thorac Imaging, 2011, 26(2): 106-118.
18.	Berry MF, Gao R, Kunder CA, et al. Presence of even a small ground-glass component in lung adenocarcinoma predicts better survival. Clin Lung Cancer, 2018, 19(1): e47-e51.
19.	Kondo T, Yamada K, Noda K, et al. Radiologic-prognostic correlation in patients with small pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Lung Cancer, 2002, 36(1): 49-57.
20.	Lee HY, Choi YL, Lee KS, et al. Pure ground-glass opacity neoplastic lung nodules: histopathology, imaging, and management. Am J Roentgenol, 2014, 202(3): W224.
21.	Yanagawa M, Tanaka Y, Kusumoto M, et al. Automated assessment of malignant degree of small peripheral adenocarcinomas using volumetric CT data: correlation with pathologic prognostic factors. Lung Cancer, 2010, 70(3): 286.
22.	Warth A, Muley T, Meister M, et al. The novel histologic International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification system of lung adenocarcinoma is a stage-independent predictor of survival. J Clin Oncol, 2012, 30(13): 1438-1446.
23.	Yoshizawa A, Motoi N, Riely GJ, et al. Impact of proposed IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma: prognostic subgroups and implications for further revision of staging based on analysis of 514 stage Ⅰ cases. Mod Pathol, 2011, 24(5): 653-664.
24.	Matsuguma H, Oki I, Nakahara R, et al. Comparison of three measurements on computed tomography for the prediction of less invasiveness in patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 95(6): 1878-1884.
25.	Heo EY, Lee KW, Jheon S, et al. Surgical resection of highly suspicious pulmonary nodules without a tissue diagnosis. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2011, 41(8): 1017-1022.
26.	Cho J, Ko SJ, Kim SJ, et al. Surgical resection of nodular ground-glass opacities without percutaneous needle aspiration or biopsy. BMC cancer, 2014, 14(1): 838.
27.	Heidinger BH, Anderson KR, Nemec U, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as pure ground-glass nodules: Correlating CT size, volume, density, and roundness with histopathologic invasion and size. J Thorac Oncol, 2017, 12(8): 1288.
28.	Lim HJ, Ahn S, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules ≥ 10 mm in diameter at CT scan: histopathologic comparisons and prognostic implications. Chest, 2013, 144(4): 1291-1299.
29.	Naidich DP, Bankier AA, Macmahon H, et al. Recommendations for the management of subsolid pulmonary nodules detected at CT: a statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology, 2013, 266(1): 304-317.
30.	Revel MP, Bissery A, Bienvenu M, et al. Are two-dimensional CT measurements of small noncalcified pulmonary nodules reliable? Radiology, 2004, 231(2): 453-458.
31.	Kim H, Park CM, Hwang EJ, et al. Pulmonary subsolid nodules: value of semi-automatic measurement in diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic reproducibility and nodule classification agreement. Eur Radiol, 2018, 28(5): 2124-2133.
32.	吴汉然, 柳常青, 徐美青, 等. m-CT 值在预测临床Ⅰa 期肺癌和癌前病变恶性程度中的应用研究. 中国肺癌杂志, 2018, 21(3): 190-196.
33.	She Y, Zhao L, Dai C, et al. Preoperative nomogram for identifying invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma in patients with pure ground-glass nodule: A multi-institutional study. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(10): 17229-17238.
34.	中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺癌学组, 中国肺癌防治联盟专家组. 肺结节诊治中国专家共识(2018 年版). 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2018, 41(10): 763-771.
35.	Kim HK, Choi YS, Kim J, et al. Management of multiple pure ground-glass opacity lesions in patients with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol, 2010, 5(2): 206-210.
36.	Shimada Y, Saji H, Otani K, et al. Survival of a surgical series of lung cancer patients with synchronous multiple ground-glass opacities, and the management of their residual lesions. Lung Cancer, 2015, 88(2): 174-180.
37.	Wu C, Zhao C, Yang Y, et al. High discrepancy of driver mutations in patients with NSCLC and synchronous multiple lung ground-glass nodules. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(5): 778-783.
38.	Lee SW, Leem CS, Kim TJ, et al. The long-term course of ground-glass opacities detected on thin-section computed tomography. Respir Med, 2013, 107(6): 904-910.
39.	Sato Y, Fujimoto D, Morimoto T, et al. Natural history and clinical characteristics of multiple pulmonary nodules with ground glass opacity. Respirology, 2017, 22(8): 1615-1621.
40.	Jin X, Zhao SH, Gao J, et al. CT characteristics and pathological implications of early stage (T1N0M0) lung adenocarcinoma with pure ground-glass opacity. Eur Radiol, 2015, 25(9): 2532-2540.
41.	Kim TJ, Goo JM, Lee KW, et al. Clinical, pathological and thin-section CT features of persistent multiple ground-glass opacity nodules: comparison with solitary ground-glass opacity nodule. Lung Cancer, 2009, 64(2): 171-178.
42.	Fan L, Liu SY, Li QC, et al. Pulmonary malignant focal ground-glass opacity nodules and solid nodules of 3 cm or less: Comparison of multi‐detector CT features. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2011, 55(3): 279-285.
43.	Takashima S, Sone S, Li F, et al. Indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules revealed at population-based CT screening of the lung: using first follow-up diagnostic CT to differentiate benign and malignant lesions. Am J Roentgenol, 2003, 180(5): 1255-1263.
44.	Li F, Sone S, Abe H, et al. Malignant versus benign nodules at CT screening for lung cancer: comparison of thin-section CT findings. Radiology, 2004, 233(3): 793-798.
45.	Felix L, Serra-Tosio G, Lantuejoul S, et al. CT characteristics of resolving ground-glass opacities in a lung cancer screening programme. Eur J Radiol, 2011, 77(3): 410.
46.	Takashima S, Sone S, Li F, et al. Small solitary pulmonary nodules (< or =1 cm) detected at population-based CT screening for lung cancer: Reliable high-resolution CT features of benign lesions. Am J Roentgenol, 2003, 180(4): 955-964.
47.	Kim HY, Shim YM, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pulmonary nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: histopathologic comparisons. Radiology, 2007, 245(1): 267-275.
48.	李运, 陈克终, 隋锡朝, 等. 孤立性肺结节良恶性判断数学预测模型的建立. 北京大学学报(医学版), 2011, 43(3): 450-454.
49.	肖飞, 余其多, 张真榕, 等. 新型非实性肺小结节恶性概率预测模型的构建与验证. 中国肺癌杂志, 2019, 22(1): 26-33.
50.	Gould MK, Ananth L, Barnett PG. A clinical model to estimate the pretest probability of lung cancer in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules. Chest, 2007, 131(2): 383-388.
51.	McWilliams A, Tammemagi MC, Mayo JR, et al. Probability of cancer in pulmonary nodules detected on first screening CT. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(10): 910-919.
52.	Zhang M, Zhuo N, Guo Z, et al. Establishment of a mathematic model for predicting malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. J Thorac Dis, 2015, 7(10): 1833-1841.
53.	Seemann MD, Beinert T, Furst H, et al. An evaluation of the tumour markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin marker (CYFRA 21-1) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the differentiation of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary lesions. Lung Cancer, 1999, 26(3): 149-155.
54.	Seemann MD, Seemann O, Dienemann H, et al. Diagnostic value of chest radiography, computed tomography and tumour markers in the differentiation of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary lesions. Eur J Med Res, 1999, 4(8): 313-327.

1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2. Shi J, Hua X, Zhu B, et al. Somatic genomics and clinical features of lung adenocarcinoma: A retrospective study. PLoS Med, 2016, 13(12): e1002162.
3. 彭明政, 林之枫, 周建华, 等. 肺磨玻璃影的随访及预后相关因素研究进展. 现代生物医学进展, 2015, 15(29): 5768-5772.
4. Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, et al. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology, 2008, 246(3): 697-722.
5. 李亚男, 张伟华, 余秉翔. 肺部 CT 多发磨玻璃结节的病理诊断分析. 解放军医学院学报, 2014, 35(6): 585-588.
6. 李镭, 刘丹, 朱盈盈, 等. 肺磨玻璃结节临床研究进展. 中国肺癌杂志, 2016, 19(2): 102-107.
7. Park CM, Goo JM, Lee HJ, et al. Nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: histologic correlation and evaluation of change at follow-up. Radiographics, 2007, 27(2): 391-408.
8. Remyjardin M, Giraud F, Remy J, et al. Importance of ground-glass attenuation in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: pathologic-CT correlation. Radiology, 1993, 189(3): 693-698.
9. Fan L, Liu SY, Li QC, et al. Multidetector CT features of pulmonary focal ground-glass opacity: differences between benign and malignant. Br J Radiol, 2012, 85(1015): 897.
10. Hiramatsu M, Inagaki T, Inagaki T, et al. Pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions-large size and a history of lung cancer are risk factors for growth. J Thorac Oncol, 2008, 3(11): 1245-1250.
11. Beigelman-Aubry C, Godet C, Caumes E. Lung infections: The radiologist's perspective. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2012, 93(6): 431-440.
12. Heitzman ER, Markarian B, Raasch BN, et al. Pathways of tumor spread through the lung: radiologic correlations with anatomy and pathology. Radiology, 1982, 144(1): 3-14.
13. Noguchi M, Shimosato Y. The development and progression of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer Treat Res, 1995, 72(72): 131.
14. Kobayashi Y, Mitsudomi T. Management of ground-glass opacities: should all pulmonary lesions with ground-glass opacity be surgically resected? Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2013, 2(5): 354-363.
15. Miao Y, Zhang J, Zou J, et al. Correlation in histological subtypes with high resolution computed tomography signatures of early stage lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2017, 6(1): 14.
16. Miao XH, Yuan DM, Lv YL, et al. Prognostic value of the ratio of ground glass opacity on computed tomography in small lung adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis, 2012, 4(3): 265-271.
17. Lee HY, Lee KS. Ground-glass opacity nodules: histopathology, imaging evaluation, and clinical implications. J Thorac Imaging, 2011, 26(2): 106-118.
18. Berry MF, Gao R, Kunder CA, et al. Presence of even a small ground-glass component in lung adenocarcinoma predicts better survival. Clin Lung Cancer, 2018, 19(1): e47-e51.
19. Kondo T, Yamada K, Noda K, et al. Radiologic-prognostic correlation in patients with small pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Lung Cancer, 2002, 36(1): 49-57.
20. Lee HY, Choi YL, Lee KS, et al. Pure ground-glass opacity neoplastic lung nodules: histopathology, imaging, and management. Am J Roentgenol, 2014, 202(3): W224.
21. Yanagawa M, Tanaka Y, Kusumoto M, et al. Automated assessment of malignant degree of small peripheral adenocarcinomas using volumetric CT data: correlation with pathologic prognostic factors. Lung Cancer, 2010, 70(3): 286.
22. Warth A, Muley T, Meister M, et al. The novel histologic International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification system of lung adenocarcinoma is a stage-independent predictor of survival. J Clin Oncol, 2012, 30(13): 1438-1446.
23. Yoshizawa A, Motoi N, Riely GJ, et al. Impact of proposed IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma: prognostic subgroups and implications for further revision of staging based on analysis of 514 stage Ⅰ cases. Mod Pathol, 2011, 24(5): 653-664.
24. Matsuguma H, Oki I, Nakahara R, et al. Comparison of three measurements on computed tomography for the prediction of less invasiveness in patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 95(6): 1878-1884.
25. Heo EY, Lee KW, Jheon S, et al. Surgical resection of highly suspicious pulmonary nodules without a tissue diagnosis. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2011, 41(8): 1017-1022.
26. Cho J, Ko SJ, Kim SJ, et al. Surgical resection of nodular ground-glass opacities without percutaneous needle aspiration or biopsy. BMC cancer, 2014, 14(1): 838.
27. Heidinger BH, Anderson KR, Nemec U, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as pure ground-glass nodules: Correlating CT size, volume, density, and roundness with histopathologic invasion and size. J Thorac Oncol, 2017, 12(8): 1288.
28. Lim HJ, Ahn S, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules ≥ 10 mm in diameter at CT scan: histopathologic comparisons and prognostic implications. Chest, 2013, 144(4): 1291-1299.
29. Naidich DP, Bankier AA, Macmahon H, et al. Recommendations for the management of subsolid pulmonary nodules detected at CT: a statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology, 2013, 266(1): 304-317.
30. Revel MP, Bissery A, Bienvenu M, et al. Are two-dimensional CT measurements of small noncalcified pulmonary nodules reliable? Radiology, 2004, 231(2): 453-458.
31. Kim H, Park CM, Hwang EJ, et al. Pulmonary subsolid nodules: value of semi-automatic measurement in diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic reproducibility and nodule classification agreement. Eur Radiol, 2018, 28(5): 2124-2133.
32. 吴汉然, 柳常青, 徐美青, 等. m-CT 值在预测临床Ⅰa 期肺癌和癌前病变恶性程度中的应用研究. 中国肺癌杂志, 2018, 21(3): 190-196.
33. She Y, Zhao L, Dai C, et al. Preoperative nomogram for identifying invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma in patients with pure ground-glass nodule: A multi-institutional study. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(10): 17229-17238.
34. 中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺癌学组, 中国肺癌防治联盟专家组. 肺结节诊治中国专家共识(2018 年版). 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2018, 41(10): 763-771.
35. Kim HK, Choi YS, Kim J, et al. Management of multiple pure ground-glass opacity lesions in patients with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol, 2010, 5(2): 206-210.
36. Shimada Y, Saji H, Otani K, et al. Survival of a surgical series of lung cancer patients with synchronous multiple ground-glass opacities, and the management of their residual lesions. Lung Cancer, 2015, 88(2): 174-180.
37. Wu C, Zhao C, Yang Y, et al. High discrepancy of driver mutations in patients with NSCLC and synchronous multiple lung ground-glass nodules. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(5): 778-783.
38. Lee SW, Leem CS, Kim TJ, et al. The long-term course of ground-glass opacities detected on thin-section computed tomography. Respir Med, 2013, 107(6): 904-910.
39. Sato Y, Fujimoto D, Morimoto T, et al. Natural history and clinical characteristics of multiple pulmonary nodules with ground glass opacity. Respirology, 2017, 22(8): 1615-1621.
40. Jin X, Zhao SH, Gao J, et al. CT characteristics and pathological implications of early stage (T1N0M0) lung adenocarcinoma with pure ground-glass opacity. Eur Radiol, 2015, 25(9): 2532-2540.
41. Kim TJ, Goo JM, Lee KW, et al. Clinical, pathological and thin-section CT features of persistent multiple ground-glass opacity nodules: comparison with solitary ground-glass opacity nodule. Lung Cancer, 2009, 64(2): 171-178.
42. Fan L, Liu SY, Li QC, et al. Pulmonary malignant focal ground-glass opacity nodules and solid nodules of 3 cm or less: Comparison of multi‐detector CT features. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2011, 55(3): 279-285.
43. Takashima S, Sone S, Li F, et al. Indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules revealed at population-based CT screening of the lung: using first follow-up diagnostic CT to differentiate benign and malignant lesions. Am J Roentgenol, 2003, 180(5): 1255-1263.
44. Li F, Sone S, Abe H, et al. Malignant versus benign nodules at CT screening for lung cancer: comparison of thin-section CT findings. Radiology, 2004, 233(3): 793-798.
45. Felix L, Serra-Tosio G, Lantuejoul S, et al. CT characteristics of resolving ground-glass opacities in a lung cancer screening programme. Eur J Radiol, 2011, 77(3): 410.
46. Takashima S, Sone S, Li F, et al. Small solitary pulmonary nodules (< or =1 cm) detected at population-based CT screening for lung cancer: Reliable high-resolution CT features of benign lesions. Am J Roentgenol, 2003, 180(4): 955-964.
47. Kim HY, Shim YM, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pulmonary nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: histopathologic comparisons. Radiology, 2007, 245(1): 267-275.
48. 李运, 陈克终, 隋锡朝, 等. 孤立性肺结节良恶性判断数学预测模型的建立. 北京大学学报(医学版), 2011, 43(3): 450-454.
49. 肖飞, 余其多, 张真榕, 等. 新型非实性肺小结节恶性概率预测模型的构建与验证. 中国肺癌杂志, 2019, 22(1): 26-33.
50. Gould MK, Ananth L, Barnett PG. A clinical model to estimate the pretest probability of lung cancer in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules. Chest, 2007, 131(2): 383-388.
51. McWilliams A, Tammemagi MC, Mayo JR, et al. Probability of cancer in pulmonary nodules detected on first screening CT. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(10): 910-919.
52. Zhang M, Zhuo N, Guo Z, et al. Establishment of a mathematic model for predicting malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. J Thorac Dis, 2015, 7(10): 1833-1841.
53. Seemann MD, Beinert T, Furst H, et al. An evaluation of the tumour markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin marker (CYFRA 21-1) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the differentiation of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary lesions. Lung Cancer, 1999, 26(3): 149-155.
54. Seemann MD, Seemann O, Dienemann H, et al. Diagnostic value of chest radiography, computed tomography and tumour markers in the differentiation of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary lesions. Eur J Med Res, 1999, 4(8): 313-327.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

The advancements in the relationship between imaging features of lung-ground glass opacity and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma

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