Chinese expert consensus on robot-assisted pulmonary resections_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

 LUO Qingquan ¹ , WANG Shumin ² , LI Hecheng ³ , HU Jian ⁴ , JIAO Wenjie ⁵ , TAN Qunyou ⁶ , Representatives of the Committee of Thoracic Surgery, Doctor Society of Medical Robotics, Chinese Medical Doctor Association

1. Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P.R.China;
2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Command, Shenyang, 110015, P.R.China;
3. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R.China;
4. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R.China;
5. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, P.R.China;
6. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

LUO Qingquan, Email: Luoqingquan@hotmail.com

Keywords：

Lung cancer; robot-assisted surgery; expert consensus

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202006068

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Robotic surgery system has been widely used in various types of pulmonary resections. With the unremitting efforts of Chinese thoracic surgeons, the quantity and quality of robotic pulmonary resections in China have reached a remarkable level. With the development and rapid promotion of this technology, the popularity of robotic surgery is also increasing. In order to standardize the clinical practice, guarantee the quality of treatment and promote the development of robotic pulmonary resections, the Committee of Thoracic Surgery, Doctor Society of Medical Robotics, Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized relevant domestic experts to formulate the consensus of Chinese clinical experts on robot-assisted lung cancer surgery.

Citation： LUO Qingquan, WANG Shumin, LI Hecheng, HU Jian, JIAO Wenjie, TAN Qunyou, Representatives of the Committee of Thoracic Surgery, Doctor Society of Medical Robotics, Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Chinese expert consensus on robot-assisted pulmonary resections. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2020, 27(10): 1119-1126. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202006068 Copy

1.	Cao C, Zhu ZH, Yan TD, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open thoracotomy for non-small-cell lung cancer: A propensity score analysis based on a multi-institutional registry. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 44(5): 849-854.
2.	Melfi FM, Menconi GF, Mariani AM, et al. Early experience with robotic technology for thoracoscopic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2002, 21(5): 864-868.
3.	Zhao X, Qian L, Lin H, et al. Robot-assisted lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer in China: Initial experience and techniques. J Thorac Dis, 2010, 2(1): 26-28.
4.	Cerfolio R, Louie BE, Farivar AS, et al. Consensus statement on definitions and nomenclature for robotic thoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 154(3): 1065-1069.
5.	Liang H, Liang W, Zhao L, et al. Robotic versus video-assisted lobectomy/segmentectomy for lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(2): 254-259.
6.	Huang J, Li J, Li H, et al. Continuous 389 cases of Da Vinci robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: Experience in Shanghai Chest Hospital. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(6): 3776-3782.
7.	Li JT, Liu PY, Huang J, et al. Perioperative outcomes of radical lobectomies using robotic-assisted thoracoscopic technique vs. video-assisted thoracoscopic technique: retrospective study of 1, 075 consecutive P-stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer cases. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(3): 882-891.
8.	Zhang Y, Chen C, Hu J, et al. Early outcomes of robotic versus thoracoscopic segmentectomy for early-stage lung cancer: A multi-institutional propensity score-matched analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020.
9.	Li C, Han Y, Han D, et al. Robotic approach to combined anatomic pulmonary subsegmentectomy: Technical aspects and early results. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 107(5): 1480-1486.
10.	Kaur MN, Xie F, Shiwcharan A, et al. Robotic versus video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resection during early program development. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 105(4): 1050-1057.
11.	Nguyen DM, Sarkaria IS, Song C, et al. Clinical and economic comparative effectiveness of robotic-assisted, video-assisted thoracoscopic, and open lobectomy. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(3): 296-306.
12.	Kneuertz PJ, Cheufou DH, D'Souza DM, et al. Propensity-score adjusted comparison of pathologic nodal upstaging by robotic, video-assisted thoracoscopic, and open lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 158(5): 1457-1466.
13.	Zirafa C, Aprile V, Ricciardi S, et al. Nodal upstaging evaluation in NSCLC patients treated by robotic lobectomy. Surg Endosc, 2019, 33(1): 153-158.
14.	Schmid T, Augustin F, Kainz G, et al. Hybrid video-assisted thoracic surgery-robotic minimally invasive right upper lobe sleeve lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011, 91(6): 1961-1965.
15.	Pan X, Gu C, Wang R, et al. Initial experience of robotic sleeve resection for lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(6): 1892-1897.
16.	Gu C, Pan X, Chen Y, et al. Short-term and mid-term survival in bronchial sleeve resection by robotic system versus thoracotomy for centrally located lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 53(3): 648-655.
17.	Huang J, Li C, Jiang L, et al. Robotic-assisted thoracoscopic right upper lobe sleeve resection. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(1): 243-245.
18.	Pan X, Gu C, Yang J, et al. Robotic double-sleeve resection of lung cancer: Technical aspects. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 54(1): 183-184.
19.	Jiao W, Zhao Y, Qiu T, et al. Robotic bronchial sleeve lobectomy for central lung tumors: technique and outcome. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 108(1): 211-218.
20.	Veronesi G, Park B, Cerfolio R, et al. Robotic resection of stage Ⅲ lung cancer: An international retrospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 54(5): 912-919.
21.	Cerfolio RJ, Ghanim AF, Dylewski M, et al. The long-term survival of robotic lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer: A multi-institutional study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 155(2): 778-786.
22.	Huang J, Li C, Li H, et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy for c-N2 stage NSCLC: Short-term outcomes of a randomized trial. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2019, 8(6): 951-958.
23.	Yang HX, Woo KM, Sima CS, et al. Long-term survival based on the surgical approach to lobectomy for clinical stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer: Comparison of robotic, video-assisted thoracic surgery, and thoracotomy lobectomy. Ann Surg, 2017, 265(2): 431-437.
24.	Spaggiari L, Sedda G, Maisonneuve P, et al. A brief report on survival after robotic lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(12): 2176-2180.
25.	White YN, Dedhia P, Bergeron EJ, et al. Resident training in a new robotic thoracic surgery program. J Surg Res, 2016, 201(1): 219-225.
26.	Cerfolio RJ, Cichos KH, Wei B, et al. Robotic lobectomy can be taught while maintaining quality patient outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 152(4): 991-997.
27.	Song G, Sun X, Miao S, et al. Learning curve for robot-assisted lobectomy of lung cancer. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(6): 2431-2437.
28.	Zhang Y, Liu S, Han Y, et al. Robotic anatomical segmentectomy: An analysis of the learning curve. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 107(5): 1515-1522.
29.	Meyer M, Gharagozloo F, Tempesta B, et al. The learning curve of robotic lobectomy. Int J Med Robot, 2012, 8(4): 448-452.
30.	Cheufou DH, Mardanzai K, Ploenes T, et al. Effectiveness of robotic lobectomy-outcome and learning curve in a high volume center. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 67(7): 573-577.
31.	Li S, Jiang L, Ang KL, et al. New tubeless video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for small pulmonary nodules. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(4): 689-693.
32.	Wen Y, Jiang Y, Liang H, et al. Tubeless video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer: Is it ready for prime time? Future Oncol, 2020, 16(18): 1229-1234.
33.	Park BJ, Flores RM, Rusch VW. Robotic assistance for video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy: Technique and initial results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2006, 131(1): 54-59.
34.	Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Skylizard L, et al. Initial consecutive experience of completely portal robotic pulmonary resection with 4 arms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2011, 142(4): 740-746.
35.	罗清泉. 机器人外科手术系统在普胸外科中的应用. 上海医学, 2011, 34(1): 10-11.
36.	Oh DS, Tisol WB, Cesnik L, et al. Port strategies for robot-assisted lobectomy by high-volume thoracic surgeons: A nationwide survey. Innovations (Phila), 2019, 14(6): 545-552.
37.	Sasaki M, Hirai S, Kawabe M, et al. Triangle target principle for the placement of trocars during video-assisted thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2005, 27(2): 307-312.
38.	代锋, 许世广, 徐惟, 等. 达芬奇机器人与电视胸腔镜辅助非小细胞肺癌根治术近期疗效配对的病例对照研究. 中国肺癌杂志, 2018, 21(3): 206-211.
39.	Xu S, Liu B, Meng H, et al. Technical points of the operative procedure for robotic-assisted lung resection and lymph node dissection. Ann Transl Med, 2015, 3(7): 97.
40.	Veronesi G, Galetta D, Maisonneuve P, et al. Four-arm robotic lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 140(1): 19-25.
41.	Pardolesi A, Park B, Petrella F, et al. Robotic anatomic segmentectomy of the lung: technical aspects and initial results. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 94(3): 929-934.
42.	陶绍霖, 康珀铭, 谭群友, 等. 经前侧入路达芬奇机器人辅助肺段切除术的临床分析. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2020, 27(2): 178-182.
43.	Li SJ, Zhou K, Li YJ, et al. Efficacy of the fissureless technique on decreasing the incidence of prolonged air leak after pulmonary lobectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg, 2017, 42: 1-10.
44.	Stamenovic D, Bostanci K, Messerschmidt A, et al. Fissureless fissure-last video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for all lung lobes: A better alternative to decrease the incidence of prolonged air leak? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 50(1): 118-123.
45.	Medbery RL, Gillespie TW, Liu Y, et al. Nodal upstaging is more common with thoracotomy than with VATS during lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer: An analysis from the National Cancer Data Base. J Thorac Oncol, 2016, 11(2): 222-233.
46.	Licht PB, Jørgensen OD, Ladegaard L, et al. A national study of nodal upstaging after thoracoscopic versus open lobectomy for clinical stage Ⅰ lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 96(3): 943-949.
47.	Decaluwé H, Petersen RH, Brunelli A, et al. Multicentric evaluation of the impact of central tumour location when comparing rates of N1 upstaging in patients undergoing video-assisted and open surgery for clinical stageⅠ non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 53(2): 359-365.
48.	Boffa DJ, Kosinski AS, Paul S, et al. Lymph node evaluation by open or video-assisted approaches in 11, 500 anatomic lung cancer resections. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 94(2): 347-353.
49.	Wang YN, Yao S, Wang CL, et al. Clinical significance of 4L lymph node dissection in left lung cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(29): 2935-2942.
50.	Haruki T, Aokage K, Miyoshi T, et al. Mediastinal nodal involvement in patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer: Possibility of rational lymph node dissection. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(6): 930-936.
51.	Liu C, Pu Q, Liao H, et al. Constructing tunnels to troubleshoot complete pleural symphysis during video-assisted thoracic surgery. VATS, 2016, 1: 23-23.
52.	Cerfolio RJ, Bess KM, Wei B, et al. Incidence, results, and our current intraoperative technique to control major vascular injuries during minimally invasive robotic thoracic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(2): 394-399.
53.	Takuwa T, Yoshida J, Ono S, et al. Low-fat diet management strategy for chylothorax after pulmonary resection and lymph node dissection for primary lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013, 146(3): 571-574.
54.	Cerfolio RJ, Allen MS, Deschamps C, et al. Postoperative chylothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112(5): 1361-1365.
55.	Shimizu K, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, et al. Treatment strategy for chylothorax after pulmonary resection and lymph node dissection for lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2002, 124(3): 499-502.
56.	Cho HJ, Kim DK, Lee GD, et al. Chylothorax complicating pulmonary resection for lung cancer: effective management and pleurodesis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(2): 408-413.
57.	Bryant AS, Minnich DJ, Wei B, et al. The incidence and management of postoperative chylothorax after pulmonary resection and thoracic mediastinal lymph node dissection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 98(1): 232-235.
58.	Zhou Z, Wang Z, Zheng Z, et al. An "Alternative Finger" in robotic-assisted thoracic surgery: intraoperative ultrasound localization of pulmonary nodules. Med Ultrason, 2017, 19(4): 374-379.

1. Cao C, Zhu ZH, Yan TD, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open thoracotomy for non-small-cell lung cancer: A propensity score analysis based on a multi-institutional registry. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 44(5): 849-854.
2. Melfi FM, Menconi GF, Mariani AM, et al. Early experience with robotic technology for thoracoscopic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2002, 21(5): 864-868.
3. Zhao X, Qian L, Lin H, et al. Robot-assisted lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer in China: Initial experience and techniques. J Thorac Dis, 2010, 2(1): 26-28.
4. Cerfolio R, Louie BE, Farivar AS, et al. Consensus statement on definitions and nomenclature for robotic thoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 154(3): 1065-1069.
5. Liang H, Liang W, Zhao L, et al. Robotic versus video-assisted lobectomy/segmentectomy for lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(2): 254-259.
6. Huang J, Li J, Li H, et al. Continuous 389 cases of Da Vinci robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: Experience in Shanghai Chest Hospital. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(6): 3776-3782.
7. Li JT, Liu PY, Huang J, et al. Perioperative outcomes of radical lobectomies using robotic-assisted thoracoscopic technique vs. video-assisted thoracoscopic technique: retrospective study of 1, 075 consecutive P-stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer cases. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(3): 882-891.
8. Zhang Y, Chen C, Hu J, et al. Early outcomes of robotic versus thoracoscopic segmentectomy for early-stage lung cancer: A multi-institutional propensity score-matched analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020.
9. Li C, Han Y, Han D, et al. Robotic approach to combined anatomic pulmonary subsegmentectomy: Technical aspects and early results. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 107(5): 1480-1486.
10. Kaur MN, Xie F, Shiwcharan A, et al. Robotic versus video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resection during early program development. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 105(4): 1050-1057.
11. Nguyen DM, Sarkaria IS, Song C, et al. Clinical and economic comparative effectiveness of robotic-assisted, video-assisted thoracoscopic, and open lobectomy. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(3): 296-306.
12. Kneuertz PJ, Cheufou DH, D'Souza DM, et al. Propensity-score adjusted comparison of pathologic nodal upstaging by robotic, video-assisted thoracoscopic, and open lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 158(5): 1457-1466.
13. Zirafa C, Aprile V, Ricciardi S, et al. Nodal upstaging evaluation in NSCLC patients treated by robotic lobectomy. Surg Endosc, 2019, 33(1): 153-158.
14. Schmid T, Augustin F, Kainz G, et al. Hybrid video-assisted thoracic surgery-robotic minimally invasive right upper lobe sleeve lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011, 91(6): 1961-1965.
15. Pan X, Gu C, Wang R, et al. Initial experience of robotic sleeve resection for lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(6): 1892-1897.
16. Gu C, Pan X, Chen Y, et al. Short-term and mid-term survival in bronchial sleeve resection by robotic system versus thoracotomy for centrally located lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 53(3): 648-655.
17. Huang J, Li C, Jiang L, et al. Robotic-assisted thoracoscopic right upper lobe sleeve resection. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(1): 243-245.
18. Pan X, Gu C, Yang J, et al. Robotic double-sleeve resection of lung cancer: Technical aspects. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 54(1): 183-184.
19. Jiao W, Zhao Y, Qiu T, et al. Robotic bronchial sleeve lobectomy for central lung tumors: technique and outcome. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 108(1): 211-218.
20. Veronesi G, Park B, Cerfolio R, et al. Robotic resection of stage Ⅲ lung cancer: An international retrospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 54(5): 912-919.
21. Cerfolio RJ, Ghanim AF, Dylewski M, et al. The long-term survival of robotic lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer: A multi-institutional study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 155(2): 778-786.
22. Huang J, Li C, Li H, et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy for c-N2 stage NSCLC: Short-term outcomes of a randomized trial. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2019, 8(6): 951-958.
23. Yang HX, Woo KM, Sima CS, et al. Long-term survival based on the surgical approach to lobectomy for clinical stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer: Comparison of robotic, video-assisted thoracic surgery, and thoracotomy lobectomy. Ann Surg, 2017, 265(2): 431-437.
24. Spaggiari L, Sedda G, Maisonneuve P, et al. A brief report on survival after robotic lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(12): 2176-2180.
25. White YN, Dedhia P, Bergeron EJ, et al. Resident training in a new robotic thoracic surgery program. J Surg Res, 2016, 201(1): 219-225.
26. Cerfolio RJ, Cichos KH, Wei B, et al. Robotic lobectomy can be taught while maintaining quality patient outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 152(4): 991-997.
27. Song G, Sun X, Miao S, et al. Learning curve for robot-assisted lobectomy of lung cancer. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(6): 2431-2437.
28. Zhang Y, Liu S, Han Y, et al. Robotic anatomical segmentectomy: An analysis of the learning curve. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 107(5): 1515-1522.
29. Meyer M, Gharagozloo F, Tempesta B, et al. The learning curve of robotic lobectomy. Int J Med Robot, 2012, 8(4): 448-452.
30. Cheufou DH, Mardanzai K, Ploenes T, et al. Effectiveness of robotic lobectomy-outcome and learning curve in a high volume center. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 67(7): 573-577.
31. Li S, Jiang L, Ang KL, et al. New tubeless video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for small pulmonary nodules. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(4): 689-693.
32. Wen Y, Jiang Y, Liang H, et al. Tubeless video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer: Is it ready for prime time? Future Oncol, 2020, 16(18): 1229-1234.
33. Park BJ, Flores RM, Rusch VW. Robotic assistance for video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy: Technique and initial results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2006, 131(1): 54-59.
34. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Skylizard L, et al. Initial consecutive experience of completely portal robotic pulmonary resection with 4 arms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2011, 142(4): 740-746.
35. 罗清泉. 机器人外科手术系统在普胸外科中的应用. 上海医学, 2011, 34(1): 10-11.
36. Oh DS, Tisol WB, Cesnik L, et al. Port strategies for robot-assisted lobectomy by high-volume thoracic surgeons: A nationwide survey. Innovations (Phila), 2019, 14(6): 545-552.
37. Sasaki M, Hirai S, Kawabe M, et al. Triangle target principle for the placement of trocars during video-assisted thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2005, 27(2): 307-312.
38. 代锋, 许世广, 徐惟, 等. 达芬奇机器人与电视胸腔镜辅助非小细胞肺癌根治术近期疗效配对的病例对照研究. 中国肺癌杂志, 2018, 21(3): 206-211.
39. Xu S, Liu B, Meng H, et al. Technical points of the operative procedure for robotic-assisted lung resection and lymph node dissection. Ann Transl Med, 2015, 3(7): 97.
40. Veronesi G, Galetta D, Maisonneuve P, et al. Four-arm robotic lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 140(1): 19-25.
41. Pardolesi A, Park B, Petrella F, et al. Robotic anatomic segmentectomy of the lung: technical aspects and initial results. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 94(3): 929-934.
42. 陶绍霖, 康珀铭, 谭群友, 等. 经前侧入路达芬奇机器人辅助肺段切除术的临床分析. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2020, 27(2): 178-182.
43. Li SJ, Zhou K, Li YJ, et al. Efficacy of the fissureless technique on decreasing the incidence of prolonged air leak after pulmonary lobectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg, 2017, 42: 1-10.
44. Stamenovic D, Bostanci K, Messerschmidt A, et al. Fissureless fissure-last video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for all lung lobes: A better alternative to decrease the incidence of prolonged air leak? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 50(1): 118-123.
45. Medbery RL, Gillespie TW, Liu Y, et al. Nodal upstaging is more common with thoracotomy than with VATS during lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer: An analysis from the National Cancer Data Base. J Thorac Oncol, 2016, 11(2): 222-233.
46. Licht PB, Jørgensen OD, Ladegaard L, et al. A national study of nodal upstaging after thoracoscopic versus open lobectomy for clinical stage Ⅰ lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 96(3): 943-949.
47. Decaluwé H, Petersen RH, Brunelli A, et al. Multicentric evaluation of the impact of central tumour location when comparing rates of N1 upstaging in patients undergoing video-assisted and open surgery for clinical stageⅠ non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 53(2): 359-365.
48. Boffa DJ, Kosinski AS, Paul S, et al. Lymph node evaluation by open or video-assisted approaches in 11, 500 anatomic lung cancer resections. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 94(2): 347-353.
49. Wang YN, Yao S, Wang CL, et al. Clinical significance of 4L lymph node dissection in left lung cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(29): 2935-2942.
50. Haruki T, Aokage K, Miyoshi T, et al. Mediastinal nodal involvement in patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer: Possibility of rational lymph node dissection. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(6): 930-936.
51. Liu C, Pu Q, Liao H, et al. Constructing tunnels to troubleshoot complete pleural symphysis during video-assisted thoracic surgery. VATS, 2016, 1: 23-23.
52. Cerfolio RJ, Bess KM, Wei B, et al. Incidence, results, and our current intraoperative technique to control major vascular injuries during minimally invasive robotic thoracic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(2): 394-399.
53. Takuwa T, Yoshida J, Ono S, et al. Low-fat diet management strategy for chylothorax after pulmonary resection and lymph node dissection for primary lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013, 146(3): 571-574.
54. Cerfolio RJ, Allen MS, Deschamps C, et al. Postoperative chylothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112(5): 1361-1365.
55. Shimizu K, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, et al. Treatment strategy for chylothorax after pulmonary resection and lymph node dissection for lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2002, 124(3): 499-502.
56. Cho HJ, Kim DK, Lee GD, et al. Chylothorax complicating pulmonary resection for lung cancer: effective management and pleurodesis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(2): 408-413.
57. Bryant AS, Minnich DJ, Wei B, et al. The incidence and management of postoperative chylothorax after pulmonary resection and thoracic mediastinal lymph node dissection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 98(1): 232-235.
58. Zhou Z, Wang Z, Zheng Z, et al. An "Alternative Finger" in robotic-assisted thoracic surgery: intraoperative ultrasound localization of pulmonary nodules. Med Ultrason, 2017, 19(4): 374-379.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Chinese expert consensus on robot-assisted pulmonary resections

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