- Respiratory Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, P.R.China;
The majority of incidentally found and screen-detected lung cancer is manifested as ground-glass nodule (GGN), which is more likely to be detected in the young people, women and non-smokers. An appropriate management strategy for GGN can not only reduce the mortality of lung cancer but also minimize overtreatment. Although most of persistent GGNs are finally diagnosed as adenocarcinoma or precursor glandular lesions, the GGN-featured lung cancer is characterized as indolent growth or even non-growth. Therefore, scheduled follow-up might be safe for the special radiologic type under a certain condition. We should design the individualized diagnosis and treatment strategy for each patient. The treatment decision-making depends on various factors, including invasion, dynamic change, efficacy and safety of the treatment, as well as physical and psychic condition of the patients. Different from other types of lung cancer, the indolent feature of GGN-featured lung cancer allows a long time to intervene. Therefore, the determination of proper timing for intervention should be made cautiously. Surgical resection is still the principal treatment for GGN-featured lung cancer. However, there is still no consensus on the optimal surgical approach for GGN-featured lung adenocarcinoma. Currently, sublobar resection without lymphadenectomy has been recommended to the patients with precursor glandular lesions. In light of the GGN-featured lung cancer which generally represents a local lesion, local ablation therapies have been used in those patients, especially in the ones who are inoperable or refuse to undergo surgery. The percutaneous local ablation includes different techniques: radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation and argon-helium cryoablation. The local ablation is safe, minimally invasive and repeatable. In addition, it offers the advantage to biopsy and treatment synchronously. Percutaneous ablation has the potential to be an alternative of surgery to cure GGN-featured lung cancer based on emerging evidences. The efficacy of transbronchial ablation guided by ultrasound or electromagnetic navigational system in the treatment of GGN-featured lung cancer has been primarily validated. As a developing technology, it might be a promising approach but needs further exploration. With the advance in ablation technology, we do believe that the interventional therapy will play an equal role as surgery in curative treatment of GGN-featured lung cancer in the future. Personalized treatment considering the condition of patients and the features of the lesion will maximize the benefit of every patient. This article will explore the diagnosis and treatment strategies of GGN on the basis of further understanding of GGN, and introduce the application of ablation therapy in GGN from the perspective of respiratory intervention.
Citation: KE Mingyao, CHEN Zhide, ZENG Junli, YONG Yazhi, LIN Liancheng. Management strategy and role of thermal ablation in ground-glass nodules. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2022, 29(1): 11-22. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202110013 Copy
1. | Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, et al. Fleischner Society: Glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology, 2008, 246(3): 697-722. |
2. | The National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365(5): 395-409. |
3. | Silva M, Sverzellati N, Manna C, et al. Long-term surveillance of ground-glass nodules: Evidence from the MILD trial. J Thorac Oncol, 2012, 7(10): 1541-1546. |
4. | Scholten ET, de Jong PA, de Hoop B, et al. Towards a close computed tomography monitoring approach for screen detected subsolid pulmonary nodules? Eur Respir J, 2015, 45(3): 765-773. |
5. | Zhang Y, Jheon S, Li H, et al. Results of low-dose computed tomography as a regular health examination among Chinese hospital employees. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 160(3): 824-831. |
6. | Fan L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, et al. Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT: Baseline screening results in Shanghai. Acad Radiol, 2019, 26(10): 1283-1291. |
7. | Park CM, Goo JM, Lee HJ, et al. Nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: Histologic correlation and evaluation of change at follow-up. Radiographics, 2007, 27(2): 391-408. |
8. | Kim HY, Shim YM, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pulmonary nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: Histopathologic comparisons. Radiology, 2007, 245(1): 267-275. |
9. | Lim HJ, Ahn S, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules ≥ 10 mm in diameter at CT scan: Histopathologic comparisons and prognostic implications. Chest, 2013, 144(4): 1291-1299. |
10. | Xing Y, Li Z, Jiang S, et al. Analysis of pre-invasive lung adenocarcinoma lesions on thin-section computerized tomography. Clin Respir J, 2015, 9(3): 289-296. |
11. | Seidelman JL, Myers JL, Quint LE. Incidental, subsolid pulmonary nodules at CT: Etiology and management. Cancer Imaging, 2013, 13(3): 365-373. |
12. | Succony L, Rassl DM, Barker AP, et al. Adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions of the lung: Detection, pathology and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev, 2021, 99: 102237. |
13. | Lee HY, Choi YL, Lee KS, et al. Pure ground-glass opacity neoplastic lung nodules: Histopathology, imaging, and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2014, 202(3): W224-W233. |
14. | Asamura H, Hishida T, Suzuki K, et al. Radiographically determined noninvasive adenocarcinoma of the lung: Survival outcomes of Japan Clinical Oncology Group 0201. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013, 146(1): 24-30. |
15. | Callister ME, Baldwin DR, Akram AR, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules. Thorax, 2015, 70 Suppl 2: Ⅱ1-Ⅱ54. |
16. | Aokage K, Miyoshi T, Ishii G, et al. Influence of ground glass opacity and the corresponding pathological findings on survival in patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2018, 13(4): 533-542. |
17. | Zhang Y, Fu F, Chen H. Management of ground-glass opacities in the lung cancer spectrum. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 110(6): 1796-1804. |
18. | Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Mirtcheva R, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: Frequency and significance of part-solid and nonsolid nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2002, 178(5): 1053-1057. |
19. | Wu F, Tian SP, Jin X, et al. CT and histopathologic characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma with pure ground-glass nodules 10 mm or less in diameter. Eur Radiol, 2017, 27(10): 4037-4043. |
20. | Matsunaga T, Suzuki K, Takamochi K, et al. What is the radiological definition of part-solid tumour in lung cancer? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(2): 242-247. |
21. | Zhou QJ, Zheng ZC, Zhu YQ, et al. Tumor invasiveness defined by IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of ground-glass nodules can be predicted by quantitative CT parameters. J Thorac Dis, 2017, 9(5): 1190-1200. |
22. | Kobayashi H, Ohkubo M, Narita A, et al. A method for evaluating the performance of computer-aided detection of pulmonary nodules in lung cancer CT screening: Detection limit for nodule size and density. Br J Radiol, 2017, 90(1070): 20160313. |
23. | Zhang Y, Fu F, Wen Z, et al. Segment location and ground glass opacity ratio reliably predict node-negative status in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 109(4): 1061-1068. |
24. | Niu R, Shao X, Shao X, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground-glass opacity nodules 3 cm or smaller: Evaluation with combined high-resolution CT and PET/CT modality. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2019, 213(5): W236-W245. |
25. | Gao F, Sun Y, Zhang G, et al. CT characterization of different pathological types of subcentimeter pulmonary ground-glass nodular lesions. Br J Radiol, 2019, 92(1094): 20180204. |
26. | Gao F, Li M, Ge X, et al. Multi-detector spiral CT study of the relationships between pulmonary ground-glass nodules and blood vessels. Eur Radiol, 2013, 23(12): 3271-3277. |
27. | Libby DM, Wu N, Lee IJ, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: The value of short-term CT follow-up. Chest, 2006, 129(4): 1039-1042. |
28. | Felix L, Serra-Tosio G, Lantuejoul S, et al. CT characteristics of resolving ground-glass opacities in a lung cancer screening programme. Eur J Radiol, 2011, 77(3): 410-416. |
29. | Chang B, Hwang JH, Choi YH, et al. Natural history of pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules detected by low-dose CT scan. Chest, 2013, 143(1): 172-178. |
30. | Kakinuma R, Noguchi M, Ashizawa K, et al. Natural history of pulmonary subsolid nodules: A prospective multicenter study. J Thorac Oncol, 2016, 11(7): 1012-1028. |
31. | Sawada S, Yamashita N, Sugimoto R, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with ground-glass opacities detected using CT scanning. Chest, 2017, 151(2): 308-315. |
32. | Hasegawa M, Sone S, Takashima S, et al. Growth rate of small lung cancers detected on mass CT screening. Br J Radiol, 2000, 73(876): 1252-1259. |
33. | Lindell RM, Hartman TE, Swensen SJ, et al. Five-year lung cancer screening experience: CT appearance, growth rate, location, and histologic features of 61 lung cancers. Radiology, 2007, 242(2): 555-562. |
34. | 付金花, 陈武飞, 滑炎卿. 倍增时间在磨玻璃结节随访中的应用价值. 临床放射学杂志, 2017, 36(6): 886-888. |
35. | Kobayashi Y, Fukui T, Ito S, et al. How long should small lung lesions of ground-glass opacity be followed? J Thorac Oncol, 2013, 8(3): 309-314. |
36. | Lee HW, Jin KN, Lee JK, et al. Long-term follow-up of ground-glass nodules after 5 years of stability. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(8): 1370-1377. |
37. | Gould MK, Donington J, Lynch WR, et al. Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: When is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 2013, 143(5Suppl): e93S-e120S. |
38. | Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS). Available online: http://www. Lung Rads | American College of Radiology (acr.org). Accessed on 2021-10-12. |
39. | NCCN Guidelines for Lung Cancer Screening (Version1, 2021). Available online: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/lung_screening.pdf. Accessed on 2021-10-12. |
40. | MacMahon H, Naidich DP, Goo JM, et al. Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images: From the Fleischner Society 2017. Radiology, 2017, 284(1): 228-243. |
41. | 范卫君, 王忠敏, 王俊杰, 等. 热消融治疗肺部亚实性结节专家共识(2021年版). 中国肺癌杂志, 2021, 24(5): 305-322. |
42. | 中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺癌学组,中国肺癌防治联盟专家组. 肺结节诊治中国专家共识(2018年版). 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2018, 41(10): 763-771. |
43. | Lu CH, Hsiao CH, Chang YC, et al. Percutaneous computed tomography-guided coaxial core biopsy for small pulmonary lesions with ground-glass attenuation. J Thorac Oncol, 2012, 7(1): 143-150. |
44. | Shimizu K, Ikeda N, Tsuboi M, et al. Percutaneous CT-guided fine needle aspiration for lung cancer smaller than 2 cm and revealed by ground-glass opacity at CT. Lung Cancer, 2006, 51(2): 173-179. |
45. | Portela de Oliveira E, Souza CA, Inacio JR, et al. Imaging-guided percutaneous biopsy of nodules ≤1 cm: Study of diagnostic performance and risk factors associated with biopsy failure. J Thorac Imaging, 2020, 35(2): 123-128. |
46. | Ikezawa Y, Sukoh N, Shinagawa N, et al. Endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath for pure or mixed ground-glass opacity lesions. Respiration, 2014, 88(2): 137-143. |
47. | Ikezawa Y, Shinagawa N, Sukoh N, et al. Usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath and virtual bronchoscopic navigation for ground-glass opacity lesions. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(2): 470-475. |
48. | Nakai T, Matsumoto Y, Suzuk F, et al. Predictive factors for a successful diagnostic bronchoscopy of ground-glass nodules. Ann Thorac Med, 2017, 12(3): 171-176. |
49. | Jiang S, Liu X, Chen J, et al. A pilot study of the ultrathin cryoprobe in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary ground-glass opacity lesions. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2020, 9(5): 1963-1973. |
50. | 魏颖恬, 肖越勇, 张啸波, 等. CT引导下射频消融肺结节联合术中穿刺活检的临床应用及预防出血措施. 中国介入影像与治疗学, 2021, 18(1): 8-12. |
51. | Wang J, Ni Y, Yang X, et al. Diagnostic ability of percutaneous core biopsy immediately after microwave ablation for lung ground-glass opacity. J Cancer Res Ther, 2019, 15(4): 755-759. |
52. | Tselikas L, de Baere T, Deschamps F, et al. Diagnostic yield of a biopsy performed immediately after lung radiofrequency ablation. Eur Radiol, 2017, 27(3): 1211-1217. |
53. | 姜格宁, 陈昶, 朱余明, 等. 上海市肺科医院磨玻璃结节早期肺腺癌的诊疗共识(第一版). 中国肺癌杂志, 2018, 21(3): 147-159. |
54. | Migliore M, Fornito M, Palazzolo M, et al. Ground glass opacities management in the lung cancer screening era. Ann Transl Med, 2018, 6(5): 90. |
55. | Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg, 1995, 60(3): 615-622. |
56. | Suzuki K, Watanabe SI, Wakabayashi M, et al. A single-arm study of sublobar resection for ground-glass opacity dominant peripheral lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, S0022-5223(20): 33043-9. |
57. | Nccn Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Non-small cell lung cancer (version4, 2021). Available online: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nscl.pdf. Accessed on 2021-10-12. |
58. | Ye T, Deng L, Wang S, et al. Lung adenocarcinomas manifesting as radiological part-solid nodules define a special clinical subtype. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(4): 617-627. |
59. | Liu S, Wang R, Zhang Y, et al. Precise diagnosis of intraoperative frozen section is an effective method to guide resection strategy for peripheral small-sized lung adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(4): 307-313. |
60. | Zha J, Xie D, Xie H, et al. Recognition of "aggressive" behavior in "indolent" ground glass opacity and mixed density lesions. J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8(7): 1460-1468. |
61. | Wang L, Jiang W, Zhan C, et al. Lymph node metastasis in clinical stage ⅠA peripheral lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2015, 90(1): 41-46. |
62. | Moon Y, Park JK, Lee KY, et al. Consolidation/tumor ratio on chest computed tomography as predictor of postoperative nodal upstaging in clinical T1N0 lung cancer. World J Surg, 2018, 42(9): 2872-2878. |
63. | Moon Y, Sung SW, Namkoong M, et al. The effectiveness of mediastinal lymph node evaluation in a patient with ground glass opacity tumor. J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8(9): 2617-2625. |
64. | Lococo F, Luzzi L, Cusumano G, et al. Management of pulmonary ground-glass opacities: A position paper from a panel of experts of the Italian Society of Thoracic Surgery (SICT). Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2020, 31(3): 287-298. |
65. | Schneider BJ, Daly ME, Kennedy EB, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology endorsement of the American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based guideline. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(7): 710-719. |
66. | Onishi H, Shioyama Y, Matsumoto Y, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with lung tumors composed of mainly ground-glass opacity. J Radiat Res, 2020, 61(3): 426-430. |
67. | Tsurugai Y, Kozuka T, Ishizuka N, et al. Relationship between the consolidation to maximum tumor diameter ratio and outcomes following stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2016, 92: 47-52. |
68. | Tomita N, Okuda K, Osaga S, et al. Surgery versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for clinical stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer: Propensity score-matching analysis including the ratio of ground glass nodules. Clin Transl Oncol, 2021, 23(3): 638-647. |
69. | Chen KN. The diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer presented as ground-glass nodule. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 68(7): 697-702. |
70. | Ye X, Fan W, Wang H, et al. Expert consensus workshop report: Guidelines for thermal ablation of primary and metastatic lung tumors (2018 edition). J Cancer Res Ther, 2018, 14(4): 730-744. |
71. | Chu KF, Dupuy DE. Thermal ablation of tumours: Biological mechanisms and advances in therapy. Nat Rev Cancer, 2014, 14(3): 199-208. |
72. | Dupuy DE, Fernando HC, Hillman S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of stage ⅠA non-small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable patients: Results from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z4033 (Alliance) trial. Cancer, 2015, 121(19): 3491-3498. |
73. | Lam A, Yoshida EJ, Bui K, et al. A national cancer database analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus stereotactic body radiotherapy in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2018, 29(9): 1211-1217. |
74. | Bhatia S, Pereira K, Mohan P, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in primary non-small cell lung cancer: What a radiologist needs to know. Indian J Radiol Imaging, 2016, 26(1): 81-91. |
75. | Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, et al. Treatment of stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 2013, 143(5Suppl): e278S-e313S. |
76. | Ahmed M, Solbiati L, Brace CL, et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: Standardization of terminology and reporting criteria—A 10-year update. Radiology, 2014, 273(1): 241-260. |
77. | Yang X, Ye X, Huang G, et al. Repeated percutaneous microwave ablation for local recurrence of inoperable Stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Ther, 2017, 13(4): 683-688. |
78. | Han X, Yang X, Ye X, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation of patients 75 years of age and older with early-stage nonsmall cell lung cancer. Indian J Cancer, 2015, 52 Suppl 2: e56-e60. |
79. | Han X, Yang X, Huang G, et al. Safety and clinical outcomes of computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation in patients aged 80 years and older with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: A multicenter retrospective study. Thorac Cancer, 2019, 10(12): 2236-2242. |
80. | Wang Y, Liu B, Cao P, et al. Comparison between computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation and thoracoscopic lobectomy for stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer, 2018, 9(11): 1376-1382. |
81. | Palussière J, Cazayus M, Cousin S, et al. Is there a role for percutaneous ablation for early stage lung cancer? What is the evidence? Curr Oncol Rep, 2021, 23(7): 81. |
82. | Lin M, Eiken P, Blackmon S. Image guided thermal ablation in lung cancer treatment. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(11): 7039-7047. |
83. | Yamauchi Y, Izumi Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Percutaneous cryoablation for the treatment of medically inoperable stageⅠ non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3): e33223. |
84. | Moore W, Talati R, Bhattacharji P, et al. Five-year survival after cryoablation of stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2015, 26(3): 312-319. |
85. | Zemlyak A, Moore WH, Bilfinger TV. Comparison of survival after sublobar resections and ablative therapies for stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. J Am Coll Surg, 2010, 211(1): 68-72. |
86. | Jones GC, Kehrer JD, Kahn J, et al. Primary treatment options for high-risk/medically inoperable early stage NSCLC patients. Clin Lung Cancer, 2015, 16(6): 413-430. |
87. | Uhlig J, Ludwig JM, Goldberg SB, et al. Survival rates after thermal ablation versus stereotactic radiation therapy for stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer: A national cancer database study. Radiology, 2018, 289(3): 862-870. |
88. | Iguchi T, Hiraki T, Matsui Y, et al. Survival outcomes of treatment with radiofrequency ablation, stereotactic body radiotherapy, or sublobar resection for patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer: A single-center evaluation. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2020, 31(7): 1044-1051. |
89. | Haruki T, Aokage K, Miyoshi T, et al. Mediastinal nodal involvement in patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer: Possibility of rational lymph node dissection. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(6): 930-936. |
90. | Wang Y, Jing L, Wang G. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis and surgical methods in patients with early-stage peripheral lung adenocarcinoma presenting as ground glass opacity. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2020, 15(1): 121. |
91. | Zhuge L, Huang Y, Wang S, et al. Preoperative brain MRI for clinical stage ⅠA lung cancer: Is routine scanning rational? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2019, 145(2): 503-509. |
92. | Ye T, Chen Z, Ma D, et al. Is flexible bronchoscopy necessary in the preoperative workup of patients with peripheral cT1N0 subsolid lung cancer?—A prospective multi-center cohort study. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2021, 10(4): 1635-1641. |
93. | Li H, Ye T, Li N, et al. Is 99m Tc bone scintigraphy necessary in the preoperative workup for patients with cT1N0 subsolid lung cancer? A prospective multicenter cohort study. Thorac Cancer, 2021, 12(4): 415-419. |
94. | Mironova V, Blasberg JD. Evaluation of ground glass nodules. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2018, 24(4): 350-354. |
95. | Kodama H, Yamakado K, Hasegawa T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for ground-glass opacity-dominant lung adenocarcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2014, 25(3): 333-339. |
96. | Iguchi T, Hiraki T, Gobara H, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of lung cancer presenting as ground-glass opacity. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2015, 38(2): 409-415. |
97. | 葛明亮, 赵伟军, 周成伟, 等. 射频消融治疗肺部磨玻璃结节15例临床分析. 现代实用医学, 2018, 30(9): 1147-1148, 封2. |
98. | Yang X, Ye X, Lin Z, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for treatment of peripheral ground-glass opacity-lung adenocarcinoma: A pilot study. J Cancer Res Ther, 2018, 14(4): 764-771. |
99. | Huang G, Yang X, Li W, et al. A feasibility and safety study of computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation: A novel therapy for multiple synchronous ground-glass opacities of the lung. Int J Hyperthermia, 2020, 37(1): 414-422. |
100. | Kim KY, Jin GY, Han YM, et al. Cryoablation of a small pulmonary nodule with pure ground-glass opacity: A case report. Korean J Radiol, 2015, 16(3): 657-661. |
101. | Liu S, Zhu X, Qin Z, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous cryoablation for lung ground-glass opacity: A pilot study. J Cancer Res Ther, 2019, 15(2): 370-374. |
102. | 傅毅立, 张文谦, 陈硕, 等. CT引导经皮与电磁导航引导经支气管微波消融治疗肺磨玻璃结节近期疗效对比. 中华医学杂志, 2021, 101(33): 2576-2581. |
103. | Xie F, Zheng X, Xiao B, et al. Navigation bronchoscopy-guided radiofrequency ablation for nonsurgical peripheral pulmonary tumors. Respiration, 2017, 94(3): 293-298. |
104. | Chan JWY, Lau RWH, Ngai JCL, et al. Transbronchial microwave ablation of lung nodules with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy guidance—A novel technique and initial experience with 30 cases. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2021, 10(4): 1608-1622. |
- 1. Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, et al. Fleischner Society: Glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology, 2008, 246(3): 697-722.
- 2. The National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365(5): 395-409.
- 3. Silva M, Sverzellati N, Manna C, et al. Long-term surveillance of ground-glass nodules: Evidence from the MILD trial. J Thorac Oncol, 2012, 7(10): 1541-1546.
- 4. Scholten ET, de Jong PA, de Hoop B, et al. Towards a close computed tomography monitoring approach for screen detected subsolid pulmonary nodules? Eur Respir J, 2015, 45(3): 765-773.
- 5. Zhang Y, Jheon S, Li H, et al. Results of low-dose computed tomography as a regular health examination among Chinese hospital employees. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 160(3): 824-831.
- 6. Fan L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, et al. Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT: Baseline screening results in Shanghai. Acad Radiol, 2019, 26(10): 1283-1291.
- 7. Park CM, Goo JM, Lee HJ, et al. Nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: Histologic correlation and evaluation of change at follow-up. Radiographics, 2007, 27(2): 391-408.
- 8. Kim HY, Shim YM, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pulmonary nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: Histopathologic comparisons. Radiology, 2007, 245(1): 267-275.
- 9. Lim HJ, Ahn S, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules ≥ 10 mm in diameter at CT scan: Histopathologic comparisons and prognostic implications. Chest, 2013, 144(4): 1291-1299.
- 10. Xing Y, Li Z, Jiang S, et al. Analysis of pre-invasive lung adenocarcinoma lesions on thin-section computerized tomography. Clin Respir J, 2015, 9(3): 289-296.
- 11. Seidelman JL, Myers JL, Quint LE. Incidental, subsolid pulmonary nodules at CT: Etiology and management. Cancer Imaging, 2013, 13(3): 365-373.
- 12. Succony L, Rassl DM, Barker AP, et al. Adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions of the lung: Detection, pathology and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev, 2021, 99: 102237.
- 13. Lee HY, Choi YL, Lee KS, et al. Pure ground-glass opacity neoplastic lung nodules: Histopathology, imaging, and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2014, 202(3): W224-W233.
- 14. Asamura H, Hishida T, Suzuki K, et al. Radiographically determined noninvasive adenocarcinoma of the lung: Survival outcomes of Japan Clinical Oncology Group 0201. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013, 146(1): 24-30.
- 15. Callister ME, Baldwin DR, Akram AR, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules. Thorax, 2015, 70 Suppl 2: Ⅱ1-Ⅱ54.
- 16. Aokage K, Miyoshi T, Ishii G, et al. Influence of ground glass opacity and the corresponding pathological findings on survival in patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2018, 13(4): 533-542.
- 17. Zhang Y, Fu F, Chen H. Management of ground-glass opacities in the lung cancer spectrum. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 110(6): 1796-1804.
- 18. Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Mirtcheva R, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: Frequency and significance of part-solid and nonsolid nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2002, 178(5): 1053-1057.
- 19. Wu F, Tian SP, Jin X, et al. CT and histopathologic characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma with pure ground-glass nodules 10 mm or less in diameter. Eur Radiol, 2017, 27(10): 4037-4043.
- 20. Matsunaga T, Suzuki K, Takamochi K, et al. What is the radiological definition of part-solid tumour in lung cancer? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(2): 242-247.
- 21. Zhou QJ, Zheng ZC, Zhu YQ, et al. Tumor invasiveness defined by IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of ground-glass nodules can be predicted by quantitative CT parameters. J Thorac Dis, 2017, 9(5): 1190-1200.
- 22. Kobayashi H, Ohkubo M, Narita A, et al. A method for evaluating the performance of computer-aided detection of pulmonary nodules in lung cancer CT screening: Detection limit for nodule size and density. Br J Radiol, 2017, 90(1070): 20160313.
- 23. Zhang Y, Fu F, Wen Z, et al. Segment location and ground glass opacity ratio reliably predict node-negative status in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 109(4): 1061-1068.
- 24. Niu R, Shao X, Shao X, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground-glass opacity nodules 3 cm or smaller: Evaluation with combined high-resolution CT and PET/CT modality. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2019, 213(5): W236-W245.
- 25. Gao F, Sun Y, Zhang G, et al. CT characterization of different pathological types of subcentimeter pulmonary ground-glass nodular lesions. Br J Radiol, 2019, 92(1094): 20180204.
- 26. Gao F, Li M, Ge X, et al. Multi-detector spiral CT study of the relationships between pulmonary ground-glass nodules and blood vessels. Eur Radiol, 2013, 23(12): 3271-3277.
- 27. Libby DM, Wu N, Lee IJ, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: The value of short-term CT follow-up. Chest, 2006, 129(4): 1039-1042.
- 28. Felix L, Serra-Tosio G, Lantuejoul S, et al. CT characteristics of resolving ground-glass opacities in a lung cancer screening programme. Eur J Radiol, 2011, 77(3): 410-416.
- 29. Chang B, Hwang JH, Choi YH, et al. Natural history of pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules detected by low-dose CT scan. Chest, 2013, 143(1): 172-178.
- 30. Kakinuma R, Noguchi M, Ashizawa K, et al. Natural history of pulmonary subsolid nodules: A prospective multicenter study. J Thorac Oncol, 2016, 11(7): 1012-1028.
- 31. Sawada S, Yamashita N, Sugimoto R, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with ground-glass opacities detected using CT scanning. Chest, 2017, 151(2): 308-315.
- 32. Hasegawa M, Sone S, Takashima S, et al. Growth rate of small lung cancers detected on mass CT screening. Br J Radiol, 2000, 73(876): 1252-1259.
- 33. Lindell RM, Hartman TE, Swensen SJ, et al. Five-year lung cancer screening experience: CT appearance, growth rate, location, and histologic features of 61 lung cancers. Radiology, 2007, 242(2): 555-562.
- 34. 付金花, 陈武飞, 滑炎卿. 倍增时间在磨玻璃结节随访中的应用价值. 临床放射学杂志, 2017, 36(6): 886-888.
- 35. Kobayashi Y, Fukui T, Ito S, et al. How long should small lung lesions of ground-glass opacity be followed? J Thorac Oncol, 2013, 8(3): 309-314.
- 36. Lee HW, Jin KN, Lee JK, et al. Long-term follow-up of ground-glass nodules after 5 years of stability. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(8): 1370-1377.
- 37. Gould MK, Donington J, Lynch WR, et al. Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: When is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 2013, 143(5Suppl): e93S-e120S.
- 38. Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS). Available online: http://www. Lung Rads | American College of Radiology (acr.org). Accessed on 2021-10-12.
- 39. NCCN Guidelines for Lung Cancer Screening (Version1, 2021). Available online: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/lung_screening.pdf. Accessed on 2021-10-12.
- 40. MacMahon H, Naidich DP, Goo JM, et al. Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images: From the Fleischner Society 2017. Radiology, 2017, 284(1): 228-243.
- 41. 范卫君, 王忠敏, 王俊杰, 等. 热消融治疗肺部亚实性结节专家共识(2021年版). 中国肺癌杂志, 2021, 24(5): 305-322.
- 42. 中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺癌学组,中国肺癌防治联盟专家组. 肺结节诊治中国专家共识(2018年版). 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2018, 41(10): 763-771.
- 43. Lu CH, Hsiao CH, Chang YC, et al. Percutaneous computed tomography-guided coaxial core biopsy for small pulmonary lesions with ground-glass attenuation. J Thorac Oncol, 2012, 7(1): 143-150.
- 44. Shimizu K, Ikeda N, Tsuboi M, et al. Percutaneous CT-guided fine needle aspiration for lung cancer smaller than 2 cm and revealed by ground-glass opacity at CT. Lung Cancer, 2006, 51(2): 173-179.
- 45. Portela de Oliveira E, Souza CA, Inacio JR, et al. Imaging-guided percutaneous biopsy of nodules ≤1 cm: Study of diagnostic performance and risk factors associated with biopsy failure. J Thorac Imaging, 2020, 35(2): 123-128.
- 46. Ikezawa Y, Sukoh N, Shinagawa N, et al. Endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath for pure or mixed ground-glass opacity lesions. Respiration, 2014, 88(2): 137-143.
- 47. Ikezawa Y, Shinagawa N, Sukoh N, et al. Usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath and virtual bronchoscopic navigation for ground-glass opacity lesions. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(2): 470-475.
- 48. Nakai T, Matsumoto Y, Suzuk F, et al. Predictive factors for a successful diagnostic bronchoscopy of ground-glass nodules. Ann Thorac Med, 2017, 12(3): 171-176.
- 49. Jiang S, Liu X, Chen J, et al. A pilot study of the ultrathin cryoprobe in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary ground-glass opacity lesions. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2020, 9(5): 1963-1973.
- 50. 魏颖恬, 肖越勇, 张啸波, 等. CT引导下射频消融肺结节联合术中穿刺活检的临床应用及预防出血措施. 中国介入影像与治疗学, 2021, 18(1): 8-12.
- 51. Wang J, Ni Y, Yang X, et al. Diagnostic ability of percutaneous core biopsy immediately after microwave ablation for lung ground-glass opacity. J Cancer Res Ther, 2019, 15(4): 755-759.
- 52. Tselikas L, de Baere T, Deschamps F, et al. Diagnostic yield of a biopsy performed immediately after lung radiofrequency ablation. Eur Radiol, 2017, 27(3): 1211-1217.
- 53. 姜格宁, 陈昶, 朱余明, 等. 上海市肺科医院磨玻璃结节早期肺腺癌的诊疗共识(第一版). 中国肺癌杂志, 2018, 21(3): 147-159.
- 54. Migliore M, Fornito M, Palazzolo M, et al. Ground glass opacities management in the lung cancer screening era. Ann Transl Med, 2018, 6(5): 90.
- 55. Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg, 1995, 60(3): 615-622.
- 56. Suzuki K, Watanabe SI, Wakabayashi M, et al. A single-arm study of sublobar resection for ground-glass opacity dominant peripheral lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, S0022-5223(20): 33043-9.
- 57. Nccn Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Non-small cell lung cancer (version4, 2021). Available online: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nscl.pdf. Accessed on 2021-10-12.
- 58. Ye T, Deng L, Wang S, et al. Lung adenocarcinomas manifesting as radiological part-solid nodules define a special clinical subtype. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(4): 617-627.
- 59. Liu S, Wang R, Zhang Y, et al. Precise diagnosis of intraoperative frozen section is an effective method to guide resection strategy for peripheral small-sized lung adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(4): 307-313.
- 60. Zha J, Xie D, Xie H, et al. Recognition of "aggressive" behavior in "indolent" ground glass opacity and mixed density lesions. J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8(7): 1460-1468.
- 61. Wang L, Jiang W, Zhan C, et al. Lymph node metastasis in clinical stage ⅠA peripheral lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2015, 90(1): 41-46.
- 62. Moon Y, Park JK, Lee KY, et al. Consolidation/tumor ratio on chest computed tomography as predictor of postoperative nodal upstaging in clinical T1N0 lung cancer. World J Surg, 2018, 42(9): 2872-2878.
- 63. Moon Y, Sung SW, Namkoong M, et al. The effectiveness of mediastinal lymph node evaluation in a patient with ground glass opacity tumor. J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8(9): 2617-2625.
- 64. Lococo F, Luzzi L, Cusumano G, et al. Management of pulmonary ground-glass opacities: A position paper from a panel of experts of the Italian Society of Thoracic Surgery (SICT). Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2020, 31(3): 287-298.
- 65. Schneider BJ, Daly ME, Kennedy EB, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology endorsement of the American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based guideline. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(7): 710-719.
- 66. Onishi H, Shioyama Y, Matsumoto Y, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with lung tumors composed of mainly ground-glass opacity. J Radiat Res, 2020, 61(3): 426-430.
- 67. Tsurugai Y, Kozuka T, Ishizuka N, et al. Relationship between the consolidation to maximum tumor diameter ratio and outcomes following stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2016, 92: 47-52.
- 68. Tomita N, Okuda K, Osaga S, et al. Surgery versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for clinical stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer: Propensity score-matching analysis including the ratio of ground glass nodules. Clin Transl Oncol, 2021, 23(3): 638-647.
- 69. Chen KN. The diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer presented as ground-glass nodule. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 68(7): 697-702.
- 70. Ye X, Fan W, Wang H, et al. Expert consensus workshop report: Guidelines for thermal ablation of primary and metastatic lung tumors (2018 edition). J Cancer Res Ther, 2018, 14(4): 730-744.
- 71. Chu KF, Dupuy DE. Thermal ablation of tumours: Biological mechanisms and advances in therapy. Nat Rev Cancer, 2014, 14(3): 199-208.
- 72. Dupuy DE, Fernando HC, Hillman S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of stage ⅠA non-small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable patients: Results from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z4033 (Alliance) trial. Cancer, 2015, 121(19): 3491-3498.
- 73. Lam A, Yoshida EJ, Bui K, et al. A national cancer database analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus stereotactic body radiotherapy in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2018, 29(9): 1211-1217.
- 74. Bhatia S, Pereira K, Mohan P, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in primary non-small cell lung cancer: What a radiologist needs to know. Indian J Radiol Imaging, 2016, 26(1): 81-91.
- 75. Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, et al. Treatment of stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 2013, 143(5Suppl): e278S-e313S.
- 76. Ahmed M, Solbiati L, Brace CL, et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: Standardization of terminology and reporting criteria—A 10-year update. Radiology, 2014, 273(1): 241-260.
- 77. Yang X, Ye X, Huang G, et al. Repeated percutaneous microwave ablation for local recurrence of inoperable Stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Ther, 2017, 13(4): 683-688.
- 78. Han X, Yang X, Ye X, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation of patients 75 years of age and older with early-stage nonsmall cell lung cancer. Indian J Cancer, 2015, 52 Suppl 2: e56-e60.
- 79. Han X, Yang X, Huang G, et al. Safety and clinical outcomes of computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation in patients aged 80 years and older with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: A multicenter retrospective study. Thorac Cancer, 2019, 10(12): 2236-2242.
- 80. Wang Y, Liu B, Cao P, et al. Comparison between computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation and thoracoscopic lobectomy for stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer, 2018, 9(11): 1376-1382.
- 81. Palussière J, Cazayus M, Cousin S, et al. Is there a role for percutaneous ablation for early stage lung cancer? What is the evidence? Curr Oncol Rep, 2021, 23(7): 81.
- 82. Lin M, Eiken P, Blackmon S. Image guided thermal ablation in lung cancer treatment. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(11): 7039-7047.
- 83. Yamauchi Y, Izumi Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Percutaneous cryoablation for the treatment of medically inoperable stageⅠ non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3): e33223.
- 84. Moore W, Talati R, Bhattacharji P, et al. Five-year survival after cryoablation of stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2015, 26(3): 312-319.
- 85. Zemlyak A, Moore WH, Bilfinger TV. Comparison of survival after sublobar resections and ablative therapies for stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. J Am Coll Surg, 2010, 211(1): 68-72.
- 86. Jones GC, Kehrer JD, Kahn J, et al. Primary treatment options for high-risk/medically inoperable early stage NSCLC patients. Clin Lung Cancer, 2015, 16(6): 413-430.
- 87. Uhlig J, Ludwig JM, Goldberg SB, et al. Survival rates after thermal ablation versus stereotactic radiation therapy for stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer: A national cancer database study. Radiology, 2018, 289(3): 862-870.
- 88. Iguchi T, Hiraki T, Matsui Y, et al. Survival outcomes of treatment with radiofrequency ablation, stereotactic body radiotherapy, or sublobar resection for patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer: A single-center evaluation. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2020, 31(7): 1044-1051.
- 89. Haruki T, Aokage K, Miyoshi T, et al. Mediastinal nodal involvement in patients with clinical stage Ⅰ non-small-cell lung cancer: Possibility of rational lymph node dissection. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(6): 930-936.
- 90. Wang Y, Jing L, Wang G. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis and surgical methods in patients with early-stage peripheral lung adenocarcinoma presenting as ground glass opacity. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2020, 15(1): 121.
- 91. Zhuge L, Huang Y, Wang S, et al. Preoperative brain MRI for clinical stage ⅠA lung cancer: Is routine scanning rational? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2019, 145(2): 503-509.
- 92. Ye T, Chen Z, Ma D, et al. Is flexible bronchoscopy necessary in the preoperative workup of patients with peripheral cT1N0 subsolid lung cancer?—A prospective multi-center cohort study. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2021, 10(4): 1635-1641.
- 93. Li H, Ye T, Li N, et al. Is 99m Tc bone scintigraphy necessary in the preoperative workup for patients with cT1N0 subsolid lung cancer? A prospective multicenter cohort study. Thorac Cancer, 2021, 12(4): 415-419.
- 94. Mironova V, Blasberg JD. Evaluation of ground glass nodules. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2018, 24(4): 350-354.
- 95. Kodama H, Yamakado K, Hasegawa T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for ground-glass opacity-dominant lung adenocarcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2014, 25(3): 333-339.
- 96. Iguchi T, Hiraki T, Gobara H, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of lung cancer presenting as ground-glass opacity. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2015, 38(2): 409-415.
- 97. 葛明亮, 赵伟军, 周成伟, 等. 射频消融治疗肺部磨玻璃结节15例临床分析. 现代实用医学, 2018, 30(9): 1147-1148, 封2.
- 98. Yang X, Ye X, Lin Z, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for treatment of peripheral ground-glass opacity-lung adenocarcinoma: A pilot study. J Cancer Res Ther, 2018, 14(4): 764-771.
- 99. Huang G, Yang X, Li W, et al. A feasibility and safety study of computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation: A novel therapy for multiple synchronous ground-glass opacities of the lung. Int J Hyperthermia, 2020, 37(1): 414-422.
- 100. Kim KY, Jin GY, Han YM, et al. Cryoablation of a small pulmonary nodule with pure ground-glass opacity: A case report. Korean J Radiol, 2015, 16(3): 657-661.
- 101. Liu S, Zhu X, Qin Z, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous cryoablation for lung ground-glass opacity: A pilot study. J Cancer Res Ther, 2019, 15(2): 370-374.
- 102. 傅毅立, 张文谦, 陈硕, 等. CT引导经皮与电磁导航引导经支气管微波消融治疗肺磨玻璃结节近期疗效对比. 中华医学杂志, 2021, 101(33): 2576-2581.
- 103. Xie F, Zheng X, Xiao B, et al. Navigation bronchoscopy-guided radiofrequency ablation for nonsurgical peripheral pulmonary tumors. Respiration, 2017, 94(3): 293-298.
- 104. Chan JWY, Lau RWH, Ngai JCL, et al. Transbronchial microwave ablation of lung nodules with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy guidance—A novel technique and initial experience with 30 cases. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2021, 10(4): 1608-1622.