Progress in epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors-associated interstitial lung disease_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

GAO Minglang , DENG Yu , LAI Kai ,  LI Ning ,  GENG Qing

Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LI Ning, Email: md.lining@whu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors; adverse events; interstitial lung disease; inflammation; mechanism of action; tumor necrosis factor; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202110063

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

The tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and drug resistance. Studies have shown that non-small cell lung cancer patients with somatic driver gene EGFR mutations are sensitive to and can benefit from EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Nevertheless, EGFR-TKIs-related adverse events should not be ignored. Common adverse events such as diarrhea, acne-like rash and paronychia are usually manageable; although the incidence of interstitial lung disease is low, once it occurs, it is a serious threat to patients' life, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. There is very limited animal experimental and clinical research evidence on the potential mechanism of EGFR-TKIs-related interstitial lung disease in the available literature. Based on this, this article reviews the association between EGFR-TKIs and interstitial lung disease, at the same time, also discusses the research progress of EGFR-TKIs-related interstitial lung disease in combination with cytotoxic drugs or immunotherapeutic drugs and EGFR-TKIs, in order to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of EGFR-TKIs-related interstitial lung disease in clinical practice in the future.

Citation： GAO Minglang, DENG Yu, LAI Kai, LI Ning, GENG Qing. Progress in epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors-associated interstitial lung disease. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2023, 30(10): 1499-1506. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202110063 Copy

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2.	Proto C, Ferrara R, Signorelli D, et al. Choosing wisely first line immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): What to add and what to leave out. Cancer Treat Rev, 2019, 75: 39-51.
3.	Yatabe Y, Kerr KM, Utomo A, et al. EGFR mutation testing practices within the Asia Pacific region: Results of a multicenter diagnostic survey. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(3): 438-445.
4.	Le T, Gerber DE. Newer-generation EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer: How are they best used? Cancers (Basel), 2019, 11(3): 366.
5.	Mok TS, Wu YL, Ahn MJ, et al. Osimertinib or platinum-pemetrexed in EGFR T790M-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med, 2017, 376(7): 629-640.
6.	Ren S, Li Y, Li W, et al. Fatal asymmetric interstitial lung disease after erlotinib for lung cancer. Respiration, 2012, 84(5): 431-435.
7.	Schacher-Kaufmann S, Pless M. Acute fatal liver toxicity under erlotinib. Case Rep Oncol, 2010, 3(2): 182-188.
8.	Jiang T, Luo Y, Wang B. Almonertinib-induced interstitial lung disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(3): e24393.
9.	Takeda M, Okamoto I, Nakagawa K. Pooled safety analysis of EGFR-TKI treatment for EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2015, 88(1): 74-79.
10.	Ko R, Shukuya T, Imamura CK, et al. PhaseⅠstudy of afatinib plus bevacizumab in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2021, 10(1): 183-192.
11.	Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 113-125.
12.	Maemondo M, Inoue A, Kobayashi K, et al. Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(25): 2380-2388.
13.	Park K, Tan EH, O'Byrne K, et al. Afatinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (LUX-Lung 7): A phase 2B, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2016, 17(5): 577-589.
14.	Urata Y, Katakami N, Morita S, et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ study comparing gefitinib with erlotinib in patients with previously treated advanced lung adenocarcinoma: WJOG 5108L. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(27): 3248-3257.
15.	Kudoh S, Kato H, Nishiwaki Y, et al. Interstitial lung disease in Japanese patients with lung cancer: A cohort and nested case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008, 177(12): 1348-1357.
16.	Gemma A, Kudoh S, Ando M, et al. Final safety and efficacy of erlotinib in the phase 4 POLARSTAR surveillance study of 10 708 Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci, 2014, 105(12): 1584-1590.
17.	Tamura K, Nukiwa T, Gemma A, et al. Real-world treatment of over 1600 Japanese patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer with daily afatinib. Int J Clin Oncol, 2019, 24(8): 917-926.
18.	Ohe Y, Kato T, Sakai F, et al. Real-world use of osimertinib for epidermal growth factor receptor T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2020, 50(8): 909-919.
19.	Ando M, Okamoto I, Yamamoto N, et al. Predictive factors for interstitial lung disease, antitumor response, and survival in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(16): 2549-2556.
20.	Hotta K, Kiura K, Tabata M, et al. Interstitial lung disease in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving gefitinib: An analysis of risk factors and treatment outcomes in Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group. Cancer J, 2005, 11(5): 417-424.
21.	Suzuki H, Aoshiba K, Yokohori N, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition augments a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Cancer Res, 2003, 63(16): 5054-5059.
22.	Ishii Y, Fujimoto S, Fukuda T. Gefitinib prevents bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 174(5): 550-556.
23.	Li L, Huang W, Li K, et al. Metformin attenuates gefitinib-induced exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis by inhibition of TGF-β signaling pathway. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(41): 43605-43619.
24.	Del Barco S, Vazquez-Martin A, Cufí S, et al. Metformin: Multi-faceted protection against cancer. Oncotarget, 2011, 2(12): 896-917.
25.	Moodley YP, Misso NL, Scaffidi AK, et al. Inverse effects of interleukin-6 on apoptosis of fibroblasts from pulmonary fibrosis and normal lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2003, 29(4): 490-498.
26.	Saito F, Tasaka S, Inoue K, et al. Role of interleukin-6 in bleomycin-induced lung inflammatory changes in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2008, 38(5): 566-571.
27.	Ishiguro Y, Ishiguro H, Miyamoto H. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition up-regulates interleukin-6 in cancer cells and induces subsequent development of interstitial pneumonia. Oncotarget, 2013, 4(4): 550-559.
28.	Wang SZ, Rosenberger CL, Bao YX, et al. Clara cell secretory protein modulates lung inflammatory and immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Immunol, 2003, 171(2): 1051-1060.
29.	Harada C, Kawaguchi T, Ogata-Suetsugu S, et al. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition worsens acute lung injury in mice with repairing airway epithelium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 183(6): 743-751.
30.	Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Reddy P, et al. An essential role for ectodomain shedding in mammalian development. Science, 1998, 282(5392): 1281-1284.
31.	Yamaoka T, Arata S, Homma M, et al. Blockade of EGFR activation promotes TNF-induced lung epithelial cell apoptosis and pulmonary injury. Int J Mol Sci, 2019, 20(16): 4021.
32.	Xia Z, Dickens M, Raingeaud J, et al. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science, 1995, 270(5240): 1326-1331.
33.	Davis RJ. Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases. Cell, 2000, 103(2): 239-252.
34.	Yan F, John SK, Wilson G, et al. Kinase suppressor of Ras-1 protects intestinal epithelium from cytokine-mediated apoptosis during inflammation. J Clin Invest, 2004, 114(9): 1272-1280.
35.	Suh CH, Park HS, Kim KW, et al. Pneumonitis in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor: Meta-analysis of 153 cohorts with 15, 713 patients: Meta-analysis of incidence and risk factors of EGFR-TKI pneumonitis in NSCLC. Lung Cancer, 2018, 123: 60-69.
36.	Shi L, Tang J, Tong L, et al. Risk of interstitial lung disease with gefitinib and erlotinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Lung Cancer, 2014, 83(2): 231-239.
37.	Atagi S, Katakami N, Yoshioka H, et al. Nested case control study of proteomic biomarkers for interstitial lung disease in Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with erlotinib: A multicenter phase Ⅳ study (JO21661). Clin Lung Cancer, 2013, 14(4): 407-417.
38.	Hosomi Y, Morita S, Sugawara S, et al. Gefitinib alone versus gefitinib plus chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated epidermal growth factor receptor: NEJ009 Study. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(2): 115-123.
39.	Noronha V, Patil VM, Joshi A, et al. Gefitinib versus gefitinib plus pemetrexed and carboplatin chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated lung cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(2): 124-136.
40.	Saito H, Fukuhara T, Furuya N, et al. Erlotinib plus bevacizumab versus erlotinib alone in patients with EGFR-positive advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NEJ026): Interim analysis of an open-label, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(5): 625-635.
41.	Nakagawa K, Garon EB, Seto T, et al. Ramucirumab plus erlotinib in patients with untreated, EGFR-mutated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (RELAY): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(12): 1655-1669.
42.	Takeda M, Okamoto I, Tsurutani J, et al. Clinical impact of switching to a second EGFR-TKI after a severe AE related to a first EGFR-TKI in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2012, 42(6): 528-533.
43.	Oxnard GR, Yang JC, Yu H, et al. TATTON: A multi-arm, phase Ⅰb trial of osimertinib combined with selumetinib, savolitinib, or durvalumab in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31(4): 507-516.
44.	Tsubata Y, Watanabe K, Saito R, et al. Osimertinib in poor performance status patients with T790M-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer after progression of first- and second-generation EGFR-TKI treatments (NEJ032B). Int J Clin Oncol, 2022, 27(1): 112-120.
45.	Min JH, Lee HY, Lim H, et al. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease in tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: A review on current insight. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2011, 68(5): 1099-1109.
46.	Müller NL, White DA, Jiang H, et al. Diagnosis and management of drug-associated interstitial lung disease. Br J Cancer, 2004, 91 Suppl 2(Suppl 2): S24-S30.
47.	Antoniou KM, Margaritopoulos GA, Tomassetti S, et al. Interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir Rev, 2014, 23(131): 40-54.
48.	Endo M, Johkoh T, Kimura K, et al. Imaging of gefitinib-related interstitial lung disease: Multi-institutional analysis by the West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group. Lung Cancer, 2006, 52(2): 135-140.
49.	Chang HL, Chen YH, Taiwan HC, et al. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated interstitial lung disease during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Thorac Oncol, 2020, 15(8): e129-e131.
50.	Tani T, Naoki K, Asakura T, et al. Successful treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with afatinib and a glucocorticoid following gefitinib- and erlotinib-induced interstitial lung disease: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol, 2016, 5(4): 488-490.
51.	Kuo LC, Lin PC, Wang KF, et al. Successful treatment of gefitinib-induced acute interstitial pneumonitis with high-dose corticosteroid: A case report and literature review. Med Oncol, 2011, 28(1): 79-82.
52.	Wong CK, Lam CW, Wu AK, et al. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol, 2004, 136(1): 95-103.
53.	Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(4): 317-328.
54.	Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmun Rev, 2020, 19(7): 102568.
55.	Michot JM, Albiges L, Chaput N, et al. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, to treat COVID-19-related respiratory failure: A case report. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31(7): 961-964.
56.	Richeldi L, Cottin V, du Bois RM, et al. Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Combined evidence from the TOMORROW and INPULSIS(®) trials. Respir Med, 2016, 113: 74-79.
57.	Kanayama M, Mori M, Matsumiya H, et al. Perioperative pirfenidone treatment for lung cancer patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Surg Today, 2020, 50(5): 469-474.
58.	Yamamoto Y, Yano Y, Kuge T, et al. Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study. Thorac Cancer, 2020, 11(11): 3317-3325.

1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(1): 7-33.
2. Proto C, Ferrara R, Signorelli D, et al. Choosing wisely first line immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): What to add and what to leave out. Cancer Treat Rev, 2019, 75: 39-51.
3. Yatabe Y, Kerr KM, Utomo A, et al. EGFR mutation testing practices within the Asia Pacific region: Results of a multicenter diagnostic survey. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(3): 438-445.
4. Le T, Gerber DE. Newer-generation EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer: How are they best used? Cancers (Basel), 2019, 11(3): 366.
5. Mok TS, Wu YL, Ahn MJ, et al. Osimertinib or platinum-pemetrexed in EGFR T790M-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med, 2017, 376(7): 629-640.
6. Ren S, Li Y, Li W, et al. Fatal asymmetric interstitial lung disease after erlotinib for lung cancer. Respiration, 2012, 84(5): 431-435.
7. Schacher-Kaufmann S, Pless M. Acute fatal liver toxicity under erlotinib. Case Rep Oncol, 2010, 3(2): 182-188.
8. Jiang T, Luo Y, Wang B. Almonertinib-induced interstitial lung disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(3): e24393.
9. Takeda M, Okamoto I, Nakagawa K. Pooled safety analysis of EGFR-TKI treatment for EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2015, 88(1): 74-79.
10. Ko R, Shukuya T, Imamura CK, et al. PhaseⅠstudy of afatinib plus bevacizumab in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2021, 10(1): 183-192.
11. Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 113-125.
12. Maemondo M, Inoue A, Kobayashi K, et al. Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(25): 2380-2388.
13. Park K, Tan EH, O'Byrne K, et al. Afatinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (LUX-Lung 7): A phase 2B, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2016, 17(5): 577-589.
14. Urata Y, Katakami N, Morita S, et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ study comparing gefitinib with erlotinib in patients with previously treated advanced lung adenocarcinoma: WJOG 5108L. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(27): 3248-3257.
15. Kudoh S, Kato H, Nishiwaki Y, et al. Interstitial lung disease in Japanese patients with lung cancer: A cohort and nested case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008, 177(12): 1348-1357.
16. Gemma A, Kudoh S, Ando M, et al. Final safety and efficacy of erlotinib in the phase 4 POLARSTAR surveillance study of 10 708 Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci, 2014, 105(12): 1584-1590.
17. Tamura K, Nukiwa T, Gemma A, et al. Real-world treatment of over 1600 Japanese patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer with daily afatinib. Int J Clin Oncol, 2019, 24(8): 917-926.
18. Ohe Y, Kato T, Sakai F, et al. Real-world use of osimertinib for epidermal growth factor receptor T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2020, 50(8): 909-919.
19. Ando M, Okamoto I, Yamamoto N, et al. Predictive factors for interstitial lung disease, antitumor response, and survival in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(16): 2549-2556.
20. Hotta K, Kiura K, Tabata M, et al. Interstitial lung disease in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving gefitinib: An analysis of risk factors and treatment outcomes in Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group. Cancer J, 2005, 11(5): 417-424.
21. Suzuki H, Aoshiba K, Yokohori N, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition augments a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Cancer Res, 2003, 63(16): 5054-5059.
22. Ishii Y, Fujimoto S, Fukuda T. Gefitinib prevents bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 174(5): 550-556.
23. Li L, Huang W, Li K, et al. Metformin attenuates gefitinib-induced exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis by inhibition of TGF-β signaling pathway. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(41): 43605-43619.
24. Del Barco S, Vazquez-Martin A, Cufí S, et al. Metformin: Multi-faceted protection against cancer. Oncotarget, 2011, 2(12): 896-917.
25. Moodley YP, Misso NL, Scaffidi AK, et al. Inverse effects of interleukin-6 on apoptosis of fibroblasts from pulmonary fibrosis and normal lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2003, 29(4): 490-498.
26. Saito F, Tasaka S, Inoue K, et al. Role of interleukin-6 in bleomycin-induced lung inflammatory changes in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2008, 38(5): 566-571.
27. Ishiguro Y, Ishiguro H, Miyamoto H. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition up-regulates interleukin-6 in cancer cells and induces subsequent development of interstitial pneumonia. Oncotarget, 2013, 4(4): 550-559.
28. Wang SZ, Rosenberger CL, Bao YX, et al. Clara cell secretory protein modulates lung inflammatory and immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Immunol, 2003, 171(2): 1051-1060.
29. Harada C, Kawaguchi T, Ogata-Suetsugu S, et al. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition worsens acute lung injury in mice with repairing airway epithelium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 183(6): 743-751.
30. Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Reddy P, et al. An essential role for ectodomain shedding in mammalian development. Science, 1998, 282(5392): 1281-1284.
31. Yamaoka T, Arata S, Homma M, et al. Blockade of EGFR activation promotes TNF-induced lung epithelial cell apoptosis and pulmonary injury. Int J Mol Sci, 2019, 20(16): 4021.
32. Xia Z, Dickens M, Raingeaud J, et al. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science, 1995, 270(5240): 1326-1331.
33. Davis RJ. Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases. Cell, 2000, 103(2): 239-252.
34. Yan F, John SK, Wilson G, et al. Kinase suppressor of Ras-1 protects intestinal epithelium from cytokine-mediated apoptosis during inflammation. J Clin Invest, 2004, 114(9): 1272-1280.
35. Suh CH, Park HS, Kim KW, et al. Pneumonitis in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor: Meta-analysis of 153 cohorts with 15, 713 patients: Meta-analysis of incidence and risk factors of EGFR-TKI pneumonitis in NSCLC. Lung Cancer, 2018, 123: 60-69.
36. Shi L, Tang J, Tong L, et al. Risk of interstitial lung disease with gefitinib and erlotinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Lung Cancer, 2014, 83(2): 231-239.
37. Atagi S, Katakami N, Yoshioka H, et al. Nested case control study of proteomic biomarkers for interstitial lung disease in Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with erlotinib: A multicenter phase Ⅳ study (JO21661). Clin Lung Cancer, 2013, 14(4): 407-417.
38. Hosomi Y, Morita S, Sugawara S, et al. Gefitinib alone versus gefitinib plus chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated epidermal growth factor receptor: NEJ009 Study. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(2): 115-123.
39. Noronha V, Patil VM, Joshi A, et al. Gefitinib versus gefitinib plus pemetrexed and carboplatin chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated lung cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(2): 124-136.
40. Saito H, Fukuhara T, Furuya N, et al. Erlotinib plus bevacizumab versus erlotinib alone in patients with EGFR-positive advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NEJ026): Interim analysis of an open-label, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(5): 625-635.
41. Nakagawa K, Garon EB, Seto T, et al. Ramucirumab plus erlotinib in patients with untreated, EGFR-mutated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (RELAY): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2019, 20(12): 1655-1669.
42. Takeda M, Okamoto I, Tsurutani J, et al. Clinical impact of switching to a second EGFR-TKI after a severe AE related to a first EGFR-TKI in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2012, 42(6): 528-533.
43. Oxnard GR, Yang JC, Yu H, et al. TATTON: A multi-arm, phase Ⅰb trial of osimertinib combined with selumetinib, savolitinib, or durvalumab in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31(4): 507-516.
44. Tsubata Y, Watanabe K, Saito R, et al. Osimertinib in poor performance status patients with T790M-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer after progression of first- and second-generation EGFR-TKI treatments (NEJ032B). Int J Clin Oncol, 2022, 27(1): 112-120.
45. Min JH, Lee HY, Lim H, et al. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease in tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: A review on current insight. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2011, 68(5): 1099-1109.
46. Müller NL, White DA, Jiang H, et al. Diagnosis and management of drug-associated interstitial lung disease. Br J Cancer, 2004, 91 Suppl 2(Suppl 2): S24-S30.
47. Antoniou KM, Margaritopoulos GA, Tomassetti S, et al. Interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir Rev, 2014, 23(131): 40-54.
48. Endo M, Johkoh T, Kimura K, et al. Imaging of gefitinib-related interstitial lung disease: Multi-institutional analysis by the West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group. Lung Cancer, 2006, 52(2): 135-140.
49. Chang HL, Chen YH, Taiwan HC, et al. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated interstitial lung disease during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Thorac Oncol, 2020, 15(8): e129-e131.
50. Tani T, Naoki K, Asakura T, et al. Successful treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with afatinib and a glucocorticoid following gefitinib- and erlotinib-induced interstitial lung disease: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol, 2016, 5(4): 488-490.
51. Kuo LC, Lin PC, Wang KF, et al. Successful treatment of gefitinib-induced acute interstitial pneumonitis with high-dose corticosteroid: A case report and literature review. Med Oncol, 2011, 28(1): 79-82.
52. Wong CK, Lam CW, Wu AK, et al. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol, 2004, 136(1): 95-103.
53. Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(4): 317-328.
54. Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmun Rev, 2020, 19(7): 102568.
55. Michot JM, Albiges L, Chaput N, et al. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, to treat COVID-19-related respiratory failure: A case report. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31(7): 961-964.
56. Richeldi L, Cottin V, du Bois RM, et al. Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Combined evidence from the TOMORROW and INPULSIS(®) trials. Respir Med, 2016, 113: 74-79.
57. Kanayama M, Mori M, Matsumiya H, et al. Perioperative pirfenidone treatment for lung cancer patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Surg Today, 2020, 50(5): 469-474.
58. Yamamoto Y, Yano Y, Kuge T, et al. Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study. Thorac Cancer, 2020, 11(11): 3317-3325.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Progress in epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors-associated interstitial lung disease

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