Breast cancer, the most common malignancy in the world, also causes the most death cases of women among malignancies. Breast cancer risk reduction guidelines (version 2023) was updated by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Based on high-level evidences from evidence-based medicine and the latest research progress, the guidelines provided standardized guidance for breast cancer risk assessment and risk reduction strategies for individuals without a history of invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ, which has attracted widespread attention from clinicians worldwide. Breast cancer is also the most common malignancy in Chinese women, and the number of newly diagnosed breast cancer cases each year in China ranks first in the world due to the large population, so the breast cancer prevention has become a major public health challenge in China. Aimed to provide reference for breast cancer prevention in China, this article interpreted the guidelines (the new version) based on the characteristics of breast structure in Asian women and the epidemiological characteristics of breast cancer in China.
Citation: GUO Xinyi, LV Qing. Interpretations of the NCCN guidelines for breast cancer risk reduction (version 2023). Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2023, 30(6): 787-804. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202303034 Copy
1. | Cancer Today. World Health Organization. URL: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/home. Accessed on 2022-12-08. |
2. | Jenkins S, Betancourt AM, Wang J, et al. Endocrine-active chemicals in mammary cancer causation and prevention. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol, 2012, 129(3-5): 191-200. |
3. | Pathak DR, Whittemore AS. Combined effects of body size, parity, and menstrual events on breast cancer incidence in seven countries. Am J Epidemiol, 1992, 135(2): 153-168. |
4. | Pike MC, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, et al. Breast cancer in a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: Risk factor-adjusted incidence in Japanese equals and in Hawaiians exceeds that in whites. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention: A publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2002, 11(9): 795-800. |
5. | Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature, 1995, 378(6559): 789-792. |
6. | Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science (New York, NY), 1994, 266(5182): 66-71. |
7. | National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guidelines for genetic/familial high-risk assessment: Breast, ovarian, and pancreatic (version 1.2023). URL: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/genetics_bop.pdf. Accessed on 2022-12-08 . |
8. | Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science (New York, NY), 1990, 250(4985): 1233-1238. |
9. | Tan MH, Mester JL, Ngeow J, et al. Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations. Clin Cancer Res, 2012, 18(2): 400-407. |
10. | Berx G, Staes K, Van Hengel J, et al. Cloning and characterization of the human invasion suppressor gene E-cadherin (CDH1). Genomics, 1995, 26(2): 281-289. |
11. | Van Lier MG, Wagner A, Mathus-Vliegen EM, et al. High cancer risk in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: A systematic review and surveillance recommendations. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010, 105(6): 1258-1265. |
12. | Zhang J, Sun J, Chen J, et al. Comprehensive analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in a large cohort of 5931 Chinese women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2016, 158(3): 455-462. |
13. | Lang GT, Jiang YZ, Shi JX, et al. Characterization of the genomic landscape and actionable mutations in Chinese breast cancers by clinical sequencing. Nature Comm, 2020, 11(1): 5679. |
14. | Sánchez-Lorenzo L, Salas-Benito D, Villamayor J, et al. The BRCA gene in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancers (Basel), 2022, 14(5): 1235. |
15. | Hu C, Hart SN, Polley EC, et al. Association between inherited germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes and risk of pancreatic cancer. JAMA, 2018, 319(23): 2401-2409. |
16. | Chaffee KG, Oberg AL, Mcwilliams RR, et al. Prevalence of germ-line mutations in cancer genes among pancreatic cancer patients with a positive family history. Gene Med, 2018, 20(1): 119-127. |
17. | Weitzel JN, Kidd J, Bernhisel R, et al. Multigene assessment of genetic risk for women for two or more breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2021, 188(3): 759-768. |
18. | Boddicker NJ, Hu C, Weitzel JN, et al. Risk of late-onset breast cancer in genetically predisposed women. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(31): 3430-3440. |
19. | Fostira F, Tsitlaidou M, Papadimitriou C, et al. Prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among 403 women with triple-negative breast cancer: Implications for genetic screening selection criteria: A Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012, 134(1): 353-362. |
20. | Couch FJ, Farid LM, Deshano ML, et al. BRCA2 germline mutations in male breast cancer cases and breast cancer families. Nature Genetics, 1996, 13(1): 123-125. |
21. | Tung N, Lin NU, Kidd J, et al. Frequency of germline mutations in 25 cancer susceptibility genes in a sequential series of patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(13): 1460-1468. |
22. | Roa BB, Boyd AA, Volcik K, et al. Ashkenazi Jewish population frequencies for common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nature Gene, 1996, 14(2): 185-187. |
23. | Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA, 2015, 65(1): 5-29. |
24. | Winters S, Martin C, Murphy D, et al. Breast cancer epidemiology, prevention, and screening. Prog Molecul Biol Trans Sci, 2017, 151: 1-32. |
25. | Fan L, Zheng Y, Yu KD, et al. Breast cancer in a transitional society over 18 years: Trends and present status in Shanghai, China. Breast Can Res Treat, 2009, 117(2): 409-416. |
26. | Linos E, Spanos D, Rosner BA, et al. Effects of reproductive and demographic changes on breast cancer incidence in China: A modeling analysis. J Nat Can Inst, 2008, 100(19): 1352-1360. |
27. | Fan L, Strasser-Weippl K, Li JJ, et al. Breast cancer in China. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(7): e279-e289. |
28. | Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM. Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev, 1993, 15(1): 36-47. |
29. | Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, et al. Age at menarche, age at menopause, height and obesity as risk factors for breast cancer: Associations and interactions in an international case-control study. Int J Cancer, 1990, 46(5): 796-800. |
30. | Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96 973 women without the disease. Lancet, 2002, 360(9328): 187-195. |
31. | Bao PP, Shu XO, Gao YT, et al. Association of hormone-related characteristics and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status in the Shanghai breast cancer study. Am J Epidemiol, 2011, 174(6): 661-671. |
32. | World Health Organization. Cancer over time. URL: https://gco.iarc.fr/overtime/en. Accessed on 2023-04-22. |
33. | 张敏璐, 彭鹏, 吴春晓, 等. 2008—2012年中国肿瘤登记地区女性乳腺癌发病和死亡分析. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2019, 41(4): 315-320. |
34. | 戴琼, 杜玉开. 女性乳腺癌危险因素的Meta分析. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2010, 14(6): 544-547. |
35. | 郑艳敏, 沈月平, 刘银梅, 等. 中国女性乳腺癌危险因素Meta分析. 中国公共卫生, 2012, 28(12): 1645-1648. |
36. | Kawai M, Minami Y, Kuriyama S, et al. Adiposity, adult weight change and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal Japanese women: The Miyagi cohort study. Br J Cancer, 2010, 103(9): 1443-1447. |
37. | Suzuki R, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, et al. Body weight at age 20 years, subsequent weight change and breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status-the Japan public health center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer, 2011, 129(5): 1214-1224. |
38. | Suzuki R, Rylander-Rudqvist T, Ye W, et al. Body weight and postmenopausal breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status among Swedish women: A prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer, 2006, 119(7): 1683-1689. |
39. | Xu YL, Sun Q, Shan GL, et al. A case-control study on risk factors of breast cancer in China. Arch Med Sci, 2012, 8(2): 303-309. |
40. | Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, et al. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA, 2009, 302(22): 2437-2443. |
41. | Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, et al. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer-collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58, 515 women with breast cancer and 95, 067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer, 2002, 87(11): 1234-1245. |
42. | Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al. Alcohol and breast cancer in women: A pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA, 1998, 279(7): 535-540. |
43. | Chen WY, Rosner B, Hankinson SE, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption during adult life, drinking patterns, and breast cancer risk. JAMA, 2011, 306(17): 1884-1890. |
44. | Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Light alcohol drinking and cancer: A meta-analysis. Ann Oncol, 2013, 24(2): 301-308. |
45. | UK National Case-Control Study Group. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk in young women. Lancet, 1989, 1(8645): 973-982. |
46. | Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 2009, 360(6): 573-587. |
47. | Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Wise LA, et al. A prospective study of female hormone use and breast cancer among black women. Arch Intern Med, 2006, 166(7): 760-765. |
48. | Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet, 2003, 362(9382): 419-427. |
49. | Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, et al. Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med, 2006, 166(9): 1027-1032. |
50. | Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2004, 291(14): 1701-1712. |
51. | Lacroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, et al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2011, 305(13): 1305-1314. |
52. | Santen RJ, Allred DC. The estrogen paradox. Nature Clin Practice Endocrinol Metabol, 2007, 3(7): 496-497. |
53. | Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(23): 2228-2239. |
54. | Conz L, Mota BS, Bahamondes L, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2020, 99(8): 970-982. |
55. | Gaudet MM, Gapstur SM, Sun J, et al. Active smoking and breast cancer risk: Original cohort data and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2013, 105(8): 515-525. |
56. | Russo J, Tay LK, Russo IH. Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 1982, 2(1): 5-73. |
57. | Pizot C, Boniol M, Mullie P, et al. Physical activity, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Cancer (Oxford, England:1990), 2016, 52: 138-154. |
58. | Gonçalves AK, Dantas Florencio GL, Maisonnette De Atayde Silva MJ, et al. Effects of physical activity on breast cancer prevention: A systematic review. J Phys Act Health, 2014, 11(2): 445-454. |
59. | Patel HK, Bihani T. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) in cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther, 2018, 186: 1-24. |
60. | Kharb R, Haider K, Neha K, et al. Aromatase inhibitors: Role in postmenopausal breast cancer. Archiv der Pharmazie, 2020, 353(8): e2000081. |
61. | Coopey SB, Mazzola E, Buckley JM, et al. The role of chemoprevention in modifying the risk of breast cancer in women with atypical breast lesions. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012, 136(3): 627-633. |
62. | Lovestone S, Fahy T. Psychological factors in breast cancer. BMJ (Clinical research ed), 1991, 302(6787): 1219-1220. |
63. | 潘晓平, 金曦, 丁辉, 等. 北京、广东两地妇女乳腺癌危险度评价模型的初步研究. 中国妇幼保健, 2009, 24(11): 1469-1471. |
64. | Marshall LM, Hunter DJ, Connolly JL, et al. Risk of breast cancer associated with atypical hyperplasia of lobular and ductal types. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1997, 6(5): 297-301. |
65. | Wong SM, King T, Boileau JF, et al. Population-based analysis of breast cancer incidence and survival outcomes in women diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017, 24(9): 2509-2517. |
66. | Boyd NF, Guo H, Martin LJ, et al. Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2007, 356(3): 227-236. |
67. | Del Carmen MG, Halpern EF, Kopans DB, et al. Mammographic breast density and race. Am J Roentgenol, 2007, 188(4): 1147-1150. |
68. | Dai H, Yan Y, Wang P, et al. Distribution of mammographic density and its influential factors among Chinese women. Intern J Epidemiol, 2014, 43(4): 1240-1251. |
69. | Li T, Tang L, Gandomkar Z, et al. Mammographic density and other risk factors for breast cancer among women in China. Breast J, 2018, 24(3): 426-428. |
70. | Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, et al. High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin's disease: Report from the Late Effects Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2003, 21(23): 4386-4394. |
71. | Rodgers KM, Udesky JO, Rudel RA, et al. Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. Environ Res, 2018, 160: 152-182. |
72. | Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev, 2009, 30(4): 293-342. |
73. | Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol, 1999, 189(1): 12-19. |
74. | Terry MB, Michels KB, Brody JG, et al. Environmental exposures during windows of susceptibility for breast cancer: A framework for prevention research. BCR, 2019, 21(1): 96. |
75. | Potischman N, Troisi R. In-utero and early life exposures in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 1999, 10(6): 561-573. |
76. | 邵侨语, 秦琼. 环境内分泌干扰物与乳腺癌的关系. 环境与健康杂志, 2018, 35(10): 934-939. |
77. | National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer risk assessment tool, risk calculator. URL:https://bcrisktool.cancer.gov/. Accessed on 2022-12-08. |
78. | Ikonopedia. IBIS (International Breast Cancer Intervention Study) Online Tyrer-Cuzick Model Breast Cancer Risk Evaluation Tool. URL: https://ibis.ikonopedia.com/. Accessed on 2022-12-08. |
79. | Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium Risk Calculator V2. Breast URL:https://tools.bcsc-scc.org/BC5yearRisk/calculator.htm. Accessed on 2022-12-08. |
80. | Zhang L, Jie Z, Xu S, et al. Use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for tyrer-cuzick and gail in breast cancer screening in jiangxi province, China. J Experiment Clin Res, 2018, 24: 5528-5532. |
81. | 靳育静, 高鹰, 张卿. Gail模型在我国女性乳腺癌发病风险预测中的研究: 系统综述与Meta分析. 现代肿瘤医学, 2022, 30(6): 1017-1023. |
82. | 沈松杰, 孙强, 黄欣, 等. 中国女性乳腺癌筛查指南(2022年版). 中国研究型医院, 2022, 9(2): 6-13. |
83. | Li J, Zhang BN, Fan JH, et al. A nation-wide multicenter 10-year (1999-2008) retrospective clinical epidemiological study of female breast cancer in China. BMC Cancer, 2011, 11: 364. |
84. | 安丽营. Gail和Cuzick-Tyrer乳腺癌风险评估模型在吉林省地区应用的风险评估的价值. 大连医科大学, 2019. |
85. | 石颖芳, 张利群, 徐胜昔. 乳腺密度联合Gail模型对乳腺癌诊断的临床价值. 中国医学创新, 2014, 11(33): 132-134. |
86. | Mahoney MC, Bevers T, Linos E, et al. Opportunities and strategies for breast cancer prevention through risk reduction. CA, 2008, 58(6): 347-371. |
87. | Farvid MS, Chen WY, Michels KB, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed), 2016, 353: i2343. |
88. | 刘美辰. Gail模型联合超声BI-RADS分级对乳腺癌初探. 吉林大学, 2016. |
89. | Obaidi J, Musallam E, Al-Ghzawi HM, et al. Vitamin D and its relationship with breast cancer: An evidence based practice paper. Glob J Health Sci, 2014, 7(1): 261-266. |
90. | Rutqvist LE, Cedermark B, Glas U, et al. Contralateral primary tumors in breast cancer patients in a randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1991, 83(18): 1299-1306. |
91. | Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1998, 90(18): 1371-1388. |
92. | Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: Current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2005, 97(22): 1652-1662. |
93. | Decensi A, Puntoni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, et al. Randomized placebo controlled trial of low-dose tamoxifen to prevent local and contralateral recurrence in breast intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Oncol, 2019, 37(19): 1629-1637. |
94. | Bergman L, Beelen ML, Gallee MP, et al. Risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen for breast cancer. Comprehensive Cancer Centres' ALERT Group. Assessment of liver and endometrial cancer risk following tamoxifen. Lancet, 2000, 356(9233): 881-887. |
95. | Braithwaite RS, Chlebowski RT, Lau J, et al. Meta-analysis of vascular and neoplastic events associated with tamoxifen. J Gen Intern Med, 2003, 18(11): 937-947. |
96. | Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB. Risk of ischemic stroke with tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Neurology, 2004, 63(7): 1230-1233. |
97. | Schuurman TN, Witteveen PO, Van Der Wall E, et al. Tamoxifen and pregnancy: An absolute contraindication? Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2019, 175(1): 17-25. |
98. | Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, et al. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 2006, 355(2): 125-137. |
99. | Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA, 2006, 295(23): 2727-2741. |
100. | Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Update of the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project study of tamoxifen and raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial: Preventing breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Philadelphia, Pa), 2010, 3(6): 696-706. |
101. | Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: Results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. JAMA, 1999, 281(23): 2189-2197. |
102. | Howell A, Cuzick J, Baum M, et al. Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet, 2005, 365(9453): 60-62. |
103. | Goss PE, Ingle JN, Alés-Martínez JE, et al. Exemestane for breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(25): 2381-2391. |
104. | Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, et al. Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women (IBIS-Ⅱ): An international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2014, 383(9922): 1041-1048. |
105. | Cheung AM, Tile L, Cardew S, et al. Bone density and structure in healthy postmenopausal women treated with exemestane for the primary prevention of breast cancer: A nested substudy of the MAP. 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2012, 13(3): 275-284. |
106. | Sestak I, Singh S, Cuzick J, et al. Changes in bone mineral density at 3 years in postmenopausal women receiving anastrozole and risedronate in the IBIS-Ⅱ bone substudy: An international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(13): 1460-1468. |
107. | Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Lynch HT, et al. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: The PROSE Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2004, 22(6): 1055-1062. |
108. | Hartmann LC, Schaid DJ, Woods JE, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 1999, 340(2): 77-84. |
109. | Eisen A, Lubinski J, Klijn J, et al. Breast cancer risk following bilateral oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: An international case-control study. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(30): 7491-7496. |
110. | Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(21): 1616-1622. |
111. | Rebbeck TR, Kauff ND, Domchek SM. Meta-analysis of risk reduction estimates associated with risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2009, 101(2): 80-87. |
112. | Heemskerk-Gerritsen BA, Seynaeve C, Van Asperen CJ, et al. Breast cancer risk after salpingo-oophorectomy in healthy BRCA1/2 mutation carriers: Revisiting the evidence for risk reduction. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2015, 107(5): djv033. |
113. | Wickerham DL, Fisher B, Wolmark N, et al. Association of tamoxifen and uterine sarcoma. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20(11): 2758-2760. |
114. | Fung MF, Reid A, Faught W, et al. Prospective longitudinal study of ultrasound screening for endometrial abnormalities in women with breast cancer receiving tamoxifen. Gynecol Oncol, 2003, 91(1): 154-159. |
115. | 中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会. 中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范(2021年版). 中国癌症杂志, 2021, 31(10): 954-1040. |
116. | Hadji P, Aapro MS, Body JJ, et al. Management of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: Practical guidance for prevention and treatment. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22(12): 2546-2555. |
117. | Nayfield SG, Gorin MB. Tamoxifen-associated eye disease. A review. J Clin Oncol, 1996, 14(3): 1018-1026. |
118. | Mortimer J E, Flatt S W, Parker B A, et al. Tamoxifen, hot flashes and recurrence in breast cancer. Breast cancer research and treatment, 2008, 108(3): 421-426. |
119. | Fallowfield LJ, Bliss JM, Porter LS, et al. Quality of life in the intergroup exemestane study: A randomized trial of exemestane versus continued tamoxifen after 2 to 3 years of tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(6): 910-917. |
120. | Osborne CR, Duncan A, Sedlacek S, et al. The addition of hormone therapy to tamoxifen does not prevent hot flashes in women at high risk for developing breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2009, 116(3): 521-527. |
121. | Sideras K, Ingle JN, Ames MM, et al. Coprescription of tamoxifen and medications that inhibit CYP2D6. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(16): 2768-2776. |
122. | Buonomo B, Brunello A, Noli S, et al. Tamoxifen exposure during pregnancy: A systematic review and three more cases. Breast Care (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 15(2): 148-156. |
123. | National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guidelines for breast cancer screening and diagnosis (version 1.2022). URL: Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast-screening.pdf. Accessed on 2022-12-08. |
124. | Van Dijk S, Van Roosmalen MS, Otten W, et al. Decision making regarding prophylactic mastectomy: Stability of preferences and the impact of anticipated feelings of regret. J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(14): 2358-2363. |
125. | Giuliano AE, Boolbol S, Degnim A, et al. Society of Surgical Oncology: Position statement on prophylactic mastectomy. Approved by the Society of Surgical Oncology Executive Council, March 2007. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14(9): 2425-2427. |
126. | Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Wagner T, et al. Effect of short-term hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk reduction after bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: The PROSE Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(31): 7804-7810. |
127. | Kurian A W, Sigal B M, Plevritis S K. Survival analysis of cancer risk reduction strategies for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(2): 222-231. |
128. | Grann VR, Jacobson JS, Thomason D, et al. Effect of prevention strategies on survival and quality-adjusted survival of women with BRCA1/2 mutations: An updated decision analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20(10): 2520-2529. |
- 1. Cancer Today. World Health Organization. URL: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/home. Accessed on 2022-12-08.
- 2. Jenkins S, Betancourt AM, Wang J, et al. Endocrine-active chemicals in mammary cancer causation and prevention. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol, 2012, 129(3-5): 191-200.
- 3. Pathak DR, Whittemore AS. Combined effects of body size, parity, and menstrual events on breast cancer incidence in seven countries. Am J Epidemiol, 1992, 135(2): 153-168.
- 4. Pike MC, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, et al. Breast cancer in a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: Risk factor-adjusted incidence in Japanese equals and in Hawaiians exceeds that in whites. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention: A publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2002, 11(9): 795-800.
- 5. Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature, 1995, 378(6559): 789-792.
- 6. Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science (New York, NY), 1994, 266(5182): 66-71.
- 7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guidelines for genetic/familial high-risk assessment: Breast, ovarian, and pancreatic (version 1.2023). URL: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/genetics_bop.pdf. Accessed on 2022-12-08 .
- 8. Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science (New York, NY), 1990, 250(4985): 1233-1238.
- 9. Tan MH, Mester JL, Ngeow J, et al. Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations. Clin Cancer Res, 2012, 18(2): 400-407.
- 10. Berx G, Staes K, Van Hengel J, et al. Cloning and characterization of the human invasion suppressor gene E-cadherin (CDH1). Genomics, 1995, 26(2): 281-289.
- 11. Van Lier MG, Wagner A, Mathus-Vliegen EM, et al. High cancer risk in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: A systematic review and surveillance recommendations. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010, 105(6): 1258-1265.
- 12. Zhang J, Sun J, Chen J, et al. Comprehensive analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in a large cohort of 5931 Chinese women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2016, 158(3): 455-462.
- 13. Lang GT, Jiang YZ, Shi JX, et al. Characterization of the genomic landscape and actionable mutations in Chinese breast cancers by clinical sequencing. Nature Comm, 2020, 11(1): 5679.
- 14. Sánchez-Lorenzo L, Salas-Benito D, Villamayor J, et al. The BRCA gene in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancers (Basel), 2022, 14(5): 1235.
- 15. Hu C, Hart SN, Polley EC, et al. Association between inherited germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes and risk of pancreatic cancer. JAMA, 2018, 319(23): 2401-2409.
- 16. Chaffee KG, Oberg AL, Mcwilliams RR, et al. Prevalence of germ-line mutations in cancer genes among pancreatic cancer patients with a positive family history. Gene Med, 2018, 20(1): 119-127.
- 17. Weitzel JN, Kidd J, Bernhisel R, et al. Multigene assessment of genetic risk for women for two or more breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2021, 188(3): 759-768.
- 18. Boddicker NJ, Hu C, Weitzel JN, et al. Risk of late-onset breast cancer in genetically predisposed women. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(31): 3430-3440.
- 19. Fostira F, Tsitlaidou M, Papadimitriou C, et al. Prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among 403 women with triple-negative breast cancer: Implications for genetic screening selection criteria: A Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012, 134(1): 353-362.
- 20. Couch FJ, Farid LM, Deshano ML, et al. BRCA2 germline mutations in male breast cancer cases and breast cancer families. Nature Genetics, 1996, 13(1): 123-125.
- 21. Tung N, Lin NU, Kidd J, et al. Frequency of germline mutations in 25 cancer susceptibility genes in a sequential series of patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(13): 1460-1468.
- 22. Roa BB, Boyd AA, Volcik K, et al. Ashkenazi Jewish population frequencies for common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nature Gene, 1996, 14(2): 185-187.
- 23. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA, 2015, 65(1): 5-29.
- 24. Winters S, Martin C, Murphy D, et al. Breast cancer epidemiology, prevention, and screening. Prog Molecul Biol Trans Sci, 2017, 151: 1-32.
- 25. Fan L, Zheng Y, Yu KD, et al. Breast cancer in a transitional society over 18 years: Trends and present status in Shanghai, China. Breast Can Res Treat, 2009, 117(2): 409-416.
- 26. Linos E, Spanos D, Rosner BA, et al. Effects of reproductive and demographic changes on breast cancer incidence in China: A modeling analysis. J Nat Can Inst, 2008, 100(19): 1352-1360.
- 27. Fan L, Strasser-Weippl K, Li JJ, et al. Breast cancer in China. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(7): e279-e289.
- 28. Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM. Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev, 1993, 15(1): 36-47.
- 29. Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, et al. Age at menarche, age at menopause, height and obesity as risk factors for breast cancer: Associations and interactions in an international case-control study. Int J Cancer, 1990, 46(5): 796-800.
- 30. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96 973 women without the disease. Lancet, 2002, 360(9328): 187-195.
- 31. Bao PP, Shu XO, Gao YT, et al. Association of hormone-related characteristics and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status in the Shanghai breast cancer study. Am J Epidemiol, 2011, 174(6): 661-671.
- 32. World Health Organization. Cancer over time. URL: https://gco.iarc.fr/overtime/en. Accessed on 2023-04-22.
- 33. 张敏璐, 彭鹏, 吴春晓, 等. 2008—2012年中国肿瘤登记地区女性乳腺癌发病和死亡分析. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2019, 41(4): 315-320.
- 34. 戴琼, 杜玉开. 女性乳腺癌危险因素的Meta分析. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2010, 14(6): 544-547.
- 35. 郑艳敏, 沈月平, 刘银梅, 等. 中国女性乳腺癌危险因素Meta分析. 中国公共卫生, 2012, 28(12): 1645-1648.
- 36. Kawai M, Minami Y, Kuriyama S, et al. Adiposity, adult weight change and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal Japanese women: The Miyagi cohort study. Br J Cancer, 2010, 103(9): 1443-1447.
- 37. Suzuki R, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, et al. Body weight at age 20 years, subsequent weight change and breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status-the Japan public health center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer, 2011, 129(5): 1214-1224.
- 38. Suzuki R, Rylander-Rudqvist T, Ye W, et al. Body weight and postmenopausal breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status among Swedish women: A prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer, 2006, 119(7): 1683-1689.
- 39. Xu YL, Sun Q, Shan GL, et al. A case-control study on risk factors of breast cancer in China. Arch Med Sci, 2012, 8(2): 303-309.
- 40. Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, et al. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA, 2009, 302(22): 2437-2443.
- 41. Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, et al. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer-collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58, 515 women with breast cancer and 95, 067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer, 2002, 87(11): 1234-1245.
- 42. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al. Alcohol and breast cancer in women: A pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA, 1998, 279(7): 535-540.
- 43. Chen WY, Rosner B, Hankinson SE, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption during adult life, drinking patterns, and breast cancer risk. JAMA, 2011, 306(17): 1884-1890.
- 44. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Light alcohol drinking and cancer: A meta-analysis. Ann Oncol, 2013, 24(2): 301-308.
- 45. UK National Case-Control Study Group. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk in young women. Lancet, 1989, 1(8645): 973-982.
- 46. Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 2009, 360(6): 573-587.
- 47. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Wise LA, et al. A prospective study of female hormone use and breast cancer among black women. Arch Intern Med, 2006, 166(7): 760-765.
- 48. Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet, 2003, 362(9382): 419-427.
- 49. Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, et al. Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med, 2006, 166(9): 1027-1032.
- 50. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2004, 291(14): 1701-1712.
- 51. Lacroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, et al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2011, 305(13): 1305-1314.
- 52. Santen RJ, Allred DC. The estrogen paradox. Nature Clin Practice Endocrinol Metabol, 2007, 3(7): 496-497.
- 53. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(23): 2228-2239.
- 54. Conz L, Mota BS, Bahamondes L, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2020, 99(8): 970-982.
- 55. Gaudet MM, Gapstur SM, Sun J, et al. Active smoking and breast cancer risk: Original cohort data and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2013, 105(8): 515-525.
- 56. Russo J, Tay LK, Russo IH. Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 1982, 2(1): 5-73.
- 57. Pizot C, Boniol M, Mullie P, et al. Physical activity, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Cancer (Oxford, England:1990), 2016, 52: 138-154.
- 58. Gonçalves AK, Dantas Florencio GL, Maisonnette De Atayde Silva MJ, et al. Effects of physical activity on breast cancer prevention: A systematic review. J Phys Act Health, 2014, 11(2): 445-454.
- 59. Patel HK, Bihani T. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) in cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther, 2018, 186: 1-24.
- 60. Kharb R, Haider K, Neha K, et al. Aromatase inhibitors: Role in postmenopausal breast cancer. Archiv der Pharmazie, 2020, 353(8): e2000081.
- 61. Coopey SB, Mazzola E, Buckley JM, et al. The role of chemoprevention in modifying the risk of breast cancer in women with atypical breast lesions. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012, 136(3): 627-633.
- 62. Lovestone S, Fahy T. Psychological factors in breast cancer. BMJ (Clinical research ed), 1991, 302(6787): 1219-1220.
- 63. 潘晓平, 金曦, 丁辉, 等. 北京、广东两地妇女乳腺癌危险度评价模型的初步研究. 中国妇幼保健, 2009, 24(11): 1469-1471.
- 64. Marshall LM, Hunter DJ, Connolly JL, et al. Risk of breast cancer associated with atypical hyperplasia of lobular and ductal types. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1997, 6(5): 297-301.
- 65. Wong SM, King T, Boileau JF, et al. Population-based analysis of breast cancer incidence and survival outcomes in women diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017, 24(9): 2509-2517.
- 66. Boyd NF, Guo H, Martin LJ, et al. Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2007, 356(3): 227-236.
- 67. Del Carmen MG, Halpern EF, Kopans DB, et al. Mammographic breast density and race. Am J Roentgenol, 2007, 188(4): 1147-1150.
- 68. Dai H, Yan Y, Wang P, et al. Distribution of mammographic density and its influential factors among Chinese women. Intern J Epidemiol, 2014, 43(4): 1240-1251.
- 69. Li T, Tang L, Gandomkar Z, et al. Mammographic density and other risk factors for breast cancer among women in China. Breast J, 2018, 24(3): 426-428.
- 70. Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, et al. High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin's disease: Report from the Late Effects Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2003, 21(23): 4386-4394.
- 71. Rodgers KM, Udesky JO, Rudel RA, et al. Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. Environ Res, 2018, 160: 152-182.
- 72. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev, 2009, 30(4): 293-342.
- 73. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol, 1999, 189(1): 12-19.
- 74. Terry MB, Michels KB, Brody JG, et al. Environmental exposures during windows of susceptibility for breast cancer: A framework for prevention research. BCR, 2019, 21(1): 96.
- 75. Potischman N, Troisi R. In-utero and early life exposures in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 1999, 10(6): 561-573.
- 76. 邵侨语, 秦琼. 环境内分泌干扰物与乳腺癌的关系. 环境与健康杂志, 2018, 35(10): 934-939.
- 77. National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer risk assessment tool, risk calculator. URL:https://bcrisktool.cancer.gov/. Accessed on 2022-12-08.
- 78. Ikonopedia. IBIS (International Breast Cancer Intervention Study) Online Tyrer-Cuzick Model Breast Cancer Risk Evaluation Tool. URL: https://ibis.ikonopedia.com/. Accessed on 2022-12-08.
- 79. Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium Risk Calculator V2. Breast URL:https://tools.bcsc-scc.org/BC5yearRisk/calculator.htm. Accessed on 2022-12-08.
- 80. Zhang L, Jie Z, Xu S, et al. Use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for tyrer-cuzick and gail in breast cancer screening in jiangxi province, China. J Experiment Clin Res, 2018, 24: 5528-5532.
- 81. 靳育静, 高鹰, 张卿. Gail模型在我国女性乳腺癌发病风险预测中的研究: 系统综述与Meta分析. 现代肿瘤医学, 2022, 30(6): 1017-1023.
- 82. 沈松杰, 孙强, 黄欣, 等. 中国女性乳腺癌筛查指南(2022年版). 中国研究型医院, 2022, 9(2): 6-13.
- 83. Li J, Zhang BN, Fan JH, et al. A nation-wide multicenter 10-year (1999-2008) retrospective clinical epidemiological study of female breast cancer in China. BMC Cancer, 2011, 11: 364.
- 84. 安丽营. Gail和Cuzick-Tyrer乳腺癌风险评估模型在吉林省地区应用的风险评估的价值. 大连医科大学, 2019.
- 85. 石颖芳, 张利群, 徐胜昔. 乳腺密度联合Gail模型对乳腺癌诊断的临床价值. 中国医学创新, 2014, 11(33): 132-134.
- 86. Mahoney MC, Bevers T, Linos E, et al. Opportunities and strategies for breast cancer prevention through risk reduction. CA, 2008, 58(6): 347-371.
- 87. Farvid MS, Chen WY, Michels KB, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed), 2016, 353: i2343.
- 88. 刘美辰. Gail模型联合超声BI-RADS分级对乳腺癌初探. 吉林大学, 2016.
- 89. Obaidi J, Musallam E, Al-Ghzawi HM, et al. Vitamin D and its relationship with breast cancer: An evidence based practice paper. Glob J Health Sci, 2014, 7(1): 261-266.
- 90. Rutqvist LE, Cedermark B, Glas U, et al. Contralateral primary tumors in breast cancer patients in a randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1991, 83(18): 1299-1306.
- 91. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1998, 90(18): 1371-1388.
- 92. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: Current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2005, 97(22): 1652-1662.
- 93. Decensi A, Puntoni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, et al. Randomized placebo controlled trial of low-dose tamoxifen to prevent local and contralateral recurrence in breast intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Oncol, 2019, 37(19): 1629-1637.
- 94. Bergman L, Beelen ML, Gallee MP, et al. Risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen for breast cancer. Comprehensive Cancer Centres' ALERT Group. Assessment of liver and endometrial cancer risk following tamoxifen. Lancet, 2000, 356(9233): 881-887.
- 95. Braithwaite RS, Chlebowski RT, Lau J, et al. Meta-analysis of vascular and neoplastic events associated with tamoxifen. J Gen Intern Med, 2003, 18(11): 937-947.
- 96. Bushnell CD, Goldstein LB. Risk of ischemic stroke with tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Neurology, 2004, 63(7): 1230-1233.
- 97. Schuurman TN, Witteveen PO, Van Der Wall E, et al. Tamoxifen and pregnancy: An absolute contraindication? Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2019, 175(1): 17-25.
- 98. Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, et al. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 2006, 355(2): 125-137.
- 99. Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA, 2006, 295(23): 2727-2741.
- 100. Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Update of the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project study of tamoxifen and raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial: Preventing breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Philadelphia, Pa), 2010, 3(6): 696-706.
- 101. Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: Results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. JAMA, 1999, 281(23): 2189-2197.
- 102. Howell A, Cuzick J, Baum M, et al. Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet, 2005, 365(9453): 60-62.
- 103. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Alés-Martínez JE, et al. Exemestane for breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(25): 2381-2391.
- 104. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, et al. Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women (IBIS-Ⅱ): An international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2014, 383(9922): 1041-1048.
- 105. Cheung AM, Tile L, Cardew S, et al. Bone density and structure in healthy postmenopausal women treated with exemestane for the primary prevention of breast cancer: A nested substudy of the MAP. 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2012, 13(3): 275-284.
- 106. Sestak I, Singh S, Cuzick J, et al. Changes in bone mineral density at 3 years in postmenopausal women receiving anastrozole and risedronate in the IBIS-Ⅱ bone substudy: An international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(13): 1460-1468.
- 107. Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Lynch HT, et al. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: The PROSE Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2004, 22(6): 1055-1062.
- 108. Hartmann LC, Schaid DJ, Woods JE, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 1999, 340(2): 77-84.
- 109. Eisen A, Lubinski J, Klijn J, et al. Breast cancer risk following bilateral oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: An international case-control study. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(30): 7491-7496.
- 110. Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(21): 1616-1622.
- 111. Rebbeck TR, Kauff ND, Domchek SM. Meta-analysis of risk reduction estimates associated with risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2009, 101(2): 80-87.
- 112. Heemskerk-Gerritsen BA, Seynaeve C, Van Asperen CJ, et al. Breast cancer risk after salpingo-oophorectomy in healthy BRCA1/2 mutation carriers: Revisiting the evidence for risk reduction. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2015, 107(5): djv033.
- 113. Wickerham DL, Fisher B, Wolmark N, et al. Association of tamoxifen and uterine sarcoma. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20(11): 2758-2760.
- 114. Fung MF, Reid A, Faught W, et al. Prospective longitudinal study of ultrasound screening for endometrial abnormalities in women with breast cancer receiving tamoxifen. Gynecol Oncol, 2003, 91(1): 154-159.
- 115. 中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会. 中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范(2021年版). 中国癌症杂志, 2021, 31(10): 954-1040.
- 116. Hadji P, Aapro MS, Body JJ, et al. Management of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: Practical guidance for prevention and treatment. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22(12): 2546-2555.
- 117. Nayfield SG, Gorin MB. Tamoxifen-associated eye disease. A review. J Clin Oncol, 1996, 14(3): 1018-1026.
- 118. Mortimer J E, Flatt S W, Parker B A, et al. Tamoxifen, hot flashes and recurrence in breast cancer. Breast cancer research and treatment, 2008, 108(3): 421-426.
- 119. Fallowfield LJ, Bliss JM, Porter LS, et al. Quality of life in the intergroup exemestane study: A randomized trial of exemestane versus continued tamoxifen after 2 to 3 years of tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(6): 910-917.
- 120. Osborne CR, Duncan A, Sedlacek S, et al. The addition of hormone therapy to tamoxifen does not prevent hot flashes in women at high risk for developing breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2009, 116(3): 521-527.
- 121. Sideras K, Ingle JN, Ames MM, et al. Coprescription of tamoxifen and medications that inhibit CYP2D6. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(16): 2768-2776.
- 122. Buonomo B, Brunello A, Noli S, et al. Tamoxifen exposure during pregnancy: A systematic review and three more cases. Breast Care (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 15(2): 148-156.
- 123. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guidelines for breast cancer screening and diagnosis (version 1.2022). URL: Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast-screening.pdf. Accessed on 2022-12-08.
- 124. Van Dijk S, Van Roosmalen MS, Otten W, et al. Decision making regarding prophylactic mastectomy: Stability of preferences and the impact of anticipated feelings of regret. J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(14): 2358-2363.
- 125. Giuliano AE, Boolbol S, Degnim A, et al. Society of Surgical Oncology: Position statement on prophylactic mastectomy. Approved by the Society of Surgical Oncology Executive Council, March 2007. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14(9): 2425-2427.
- 126. Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Wagner T, et al. Effect of short-term hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk reduction after bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: The PROSE Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(31): 7804-7810.
- 127. Kurian A W, Sigal B M, Plevritis S K. Survival analysis of cancer risk reduction strategies for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(2): 222-231.
- 128. Grann VR, Jacobson JS, Thomason D, et al. Effect of prevention strategies on survival and quality-adjusted survival of women with BRCA1/2 mutations: An updated decision analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20(10): 2520-2529.