Interpretation of the global burden of lung cancer: Current status and future trends_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

ZHANG Jingxuan , FU Tinglü ,  LI Ning ,  GENG Qing

Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LI Ning, Email: md.lining@whu.edu.cn; GENG Qing, Email: gengqingwhu@whu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Lung cancer; morbidity; trends; risk factors; prevention

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202309021

Video：

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The article titled "The global burden of lung cancer: Current status and future trends" which is recently published in Nature Reviews Cinical Oncology has provided a detailed analysis of the current global status of lung cancer. This article focuses on the global burden of lung cancer, risk factors, related prevention, control measures and treatment progress. Based on the current situation of lung cancer in the world, this paper analyzes the current situation of lung cancer in China, and briefly interprets the key points of prevention as well as control measures in the article.

Citation： ZHANG Jingxuan, FU Tinglü, LI Ning, GENG Qing. Interpretation of the global burden of lung cancer: Current status and future trends. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2024, 31(1): 17-23. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202309021 Copy

1.	Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249.
2.	Leiter A, Veluswamy RR, Wisnivesky JP. The global burden of lung cancer: current status and future trends. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2023, 20(9): 624-639.
3.	World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Estimates (GHE). 2020.
4.	国家卫生健康委办公厅. 原发性肺癌诊疗指南(2022年版). 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(4): 549-570.
5.	Rongshou Z, Siwei Z, Shaoming W, et al. Lung cancer incidence and mortality in China: Updated statistics and an overview of temporal trends from 2000 to 2016. J Nat Can Cent, 2022, 2(3): 139-147.
6.	Li C, Lei S, Ding L, et al. Global burden and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality. Chin Med J (Engl), 2023, 136(13): 1583-1590.
7.	Pesch B, Kendzia B, Gustavsson P, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer-relative risk estimates for the major histological types from a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Int J Cancer, 2012, 131(5): 1210-1219.
8.	邹小农, 贾漫漫, 王鑫, 等. 《2020全球癌症报告》要点解读. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2021, 28(1): 11-18.
9.	Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time (International Agency for Research on Cancer). URL: https://gco.iarc.fr/overtime. Accessed on 1 May 2022.
10.	GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 2021, 397(10292): 2337-2360.
11.	Jiang D, Zhang L, Liu W, et al. Trends in cancer mortality in China from 2004 to 2018: A nationwide longitudinal study. Cancer Commun (Lond), 2021, 41(10): 1024-1036.
12.	Parascandola M, Xiao L. Tobacco and the lung cancer epidemic in China. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2019, 8(Suppl 1): S21-S30.
13.	Hosgood HD 3rd, Boffetta P, Greenland S, et al. In-home coal and wood use and lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Environ Health Perspect, 2010, 118(12): 1743-1747.
14.	Kurmi OP, Arya PH, Lam KB, et al. Lung cancer risk and solid fuel smoke exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J, 2012, 40(5): 1228-1237.
15.	Qiu AY, Leng S, McCormack M, et al. Lung effects of household air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2022, 10(11): 2807-2819.
16.	Singh N, Agrawal S, Jiwnani S, et al. Lung cancer in India. J Thorac Oncol, 2021, 16(8): 1250-1266.
17.	Kaur H, Sehgal IS, Bal A, et al. Evolving epidemiology of lung cancer in India: Reducing non-small cell lung cancer-not otherwise specified and quantifying tobacco smoke exposure are the key. Indian J Cancer, 2017, 54(1): 285-290.
18.	Mohan A, Garg A, Gupta A, et al. Clinical profile of lung cancer in North India: A 10-year analysis of 1862 patients from a tertiary care center. Lung India, 2020, 37(3): 190-197.
19.	Shaikh R, Janssen F, Vogt T. The progression of the tobacco epidemic in India on the national and regional level, 1998-2016. BMC Public Health, 2022, 22(1): 317.
20.	Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin, 2023, 73(1): 17-48.
21.	Jani C, Marshall DC, Singh H, et al. Lung cancer mortality in Europe and the USA between 2000 and 2017: An observational analysis. ERJ Open Res, 2021, 7(4): 00311-2021.
22.	Forsea AM. Cancer registries in Europe-going forward is the only option. Ecancermedicalscience, 2016, 10: 641.
23.	中国省区水平肺癌死亡率估计方法研究. 第二届国家癌症中心学术年会论文集. 2012: 34.
24.	中国疾病预防控制中心. 2018 年中国成人烟草调查结果. 2019. URL:http://www.chinacdc.cn/yw_9324/201905/t20190530_202932.html.
25.	GBD 2015 Tobacco Collaborators. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 2017, 389(10082): 1885-1906.
26.	Bruce N, Dherani M, Liu R, et al. Does household use of biomass fuel cause lung cancer? A systematic review and evaluation of the evidence for the GBD 2010 study. Thorax, 2015, 70(5): 433-441.
27.	Koo LC, Ho JH. Worldwide epidemiological patterns of lung cancer in nonsmokers. Int J Epidemiol, 1990, 19(Suppl 1): S14-S23.
28.	Perrotta F, D'Agnano V, Scialò F, et al. Evolving concepts in COPD and lung cancer: A narrative review. Minerva Med, 2022, 113(3): 436-448.
29.	Qi C, Sun SW, Xiong XZ. From COPD to lung cancer: Mechanisms linking, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2022, 17: 2603-2621.
30.	El Rayes T, Catena R, Lee S, et al. Lung inflammation promotes metastasis through neutrophil protease-mediated degradation of Tsp-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2015, 112(52): 16000-16005.
31.	Sigel K, Makinson A, Thaler J. Lung cancer in persons with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 2017, 12(1): 31-38.
32.	Shiels MS, Cole SR, Mehta SH, et al. Lung cancer incidence and mortality among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2010, 55(4): 510-515.
33.	Sigel K, Wisnivesky J, Gordon K, et al. HIV as an independent risk factor for incident lung cancer. AIDS, 2012, 26(8): 1017-1025.
34.	Engels EA, Brock MV, Chen J, et al. Elevated incidence of lung cancer among HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(9): 1383-1388.
35.	Chaturvedi AK, Pfeiffer RM, Chang L, et al. Elevated risk of lung cancer among people with AIDS. AIDS, 2007, 21(2): 207-213.
36.	Kirk GD, Merlo C, O' Driscoll P, et al. HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, independent of smoking. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 45(1): 103-110.
37.	Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS, et al. Adult and adolescent spectrum of sisease project and HIV outpatient study investigators. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992-2003. Ann Intern Med, 2008, 148(10): 728-736.
38.	Rivera C, Pecuchet N, Wermert D, et al. Obesity and lung cancer: Incidence and repercussions on epidemiology, pathology and treatments. Rev Pneumol Clin, 2015, 71(1): 37-43.
39.	Wang G, Qiu M, Xing X, et al. Lung cancer scRNA-seq and lipidomics reveal aberrant lipid metabolism for early-stage diagnosis. Sci Transl Med, 2022, 14(630): eabk2756.
40.	World Health Organization (WHO). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025(third edition). URL: WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, fourth edition.
41.	《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》. 中国肿瘤, 2019, 28(10): 724.
42.	《健康中国行动(2019-2030)》. 中国组织工程研究, 2020, 24(36): 5905.
43.	陈悦. 我国高发生活方式病研究. 遵义医科大学, 2022.
44.	Adams SJ, Stone E, Baldwin DR, et al. Lung cancer screening. Lancet, 2023, 401(10374): 390-408.
45.	赫捷, 李霓, 陈万青, 等. 中国肺癌筛查与早诊早治指南(2021, 北京). 中国肿瘤, 2021, 30(2): 81-111.
46.	Kee D, Wisnivesky J, Kale MS. Lung cancer screening uptake: Analysis of BRFSS 2018. J Gen Intern Med, 2021, 36(9): 2897-2899.
47.	Cao W, Tan F, Liu K, et al. Uptake of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography in China: A multi-centre population-based study. EClinica lMedicine, 2022, 52: 101594.
48.	Quaife SL, Ruparel M, Dickson JL, et al. Lung Screen Uptake Trial (LSUT): Randomized controlled clinical trial testing targeted invitation materials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 201(8): 965-975.
49.	Fitzgerald RC, Antoniou AC, Fruk L, et al. The future of early cancer detection. Nat Med, 2022, 28(4): 666-677.
50.	Liu MC, Oxnard GR, Klein EA, et al. CCGA Consortium. Sensitive and specific multi-cancer detection and localization using methylation signatures in cell-free DNA. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31(6): 745-759.
51.	Hubbell E, Clarke CA, Aravanis AM, et al. Modeled reductions in late-stage cancer with a multi-cancer early detection test. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2021, 30(3): 460-468.
52.	Hackshaw A, Cohen SS, Reichert H, et al. Estimating the population health impact of a multi-cancer early detection genomic blood test to complement existing screening in the US and UK. Br J Cancer, 2021, 125(10): 1432-1442.
53.	潘世泽, 汪巍, 方一凡, 等. 叶酸受体阳性循环肿瘤细胞检测对早期肺癌的诊断效能. 山东医药, 2017, 57(47): 69-72.
54.	Zhou Q, Geng Q, Wang L, et al. Value of folate receptor-positive circulating tumour cells in the clinical management of indeterminate lung nodules: A non-invasive biomarker for predicting malignancy and tumour invasiveness. EBioMedicine. 2019, 41: 236-243.
55.	Pérol M, Felip E, Dafni U, et al. Effectiveness of PD-(L)1 inhibitors alone or in combination with platinum-doublet chemotherapy in first-line (1L) non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (Nsq-NSCLC) with PD-L1-high expression using real-world data. Ann Oncol, 2022, 33(5): 511-521.
56.	Pan Y, Liu X, Zhang W, et al. Association of PD-L1 expression with efficacy of alectinib in advanced NSCLC patients with ALK fusion. Lung Cancer, 2023, 181: 107233.
57.	Febbraro M, Gheware A, Kennedy T, et al. Barriers to access: Global variability in implementing treatment advances in lung cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book, 2022, 42: 1-7.
58.	董懂, 黄意恒, 张亚杰, 等. 《中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南(2023版)》解读. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2023, 30(11): 1533-1538.

1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249.
2. Leiter A, Veluswamy RR, Wisnivesky JP. The global burden of lung cancer: current status and future trends. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2023, 20(9): 624-639.
3. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Estimates (GHE). 2020.
4. 国家卫生健康委办公厅. 原发性肺癌诊疗指南(2022年版). 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(4): 549-570.
5. Rongshou Z, Siwei Z, Shaoming W, et al. Lung cancer incidence and mortality in China: Updated statistics and an overview of temporal trends from 2000 to 2016. J Nat Can Cent, 2022, 2(3): 139-147.
6. Li C, Lei S, Ding L, et al. Global burden and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality. Chin Med J (Engl), 2023, 136(13): 1583-1590.
7. Pesch B, Kendzia B, Gustavsson P, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer-relative risk estimates for the major histological types from a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Int J Cancer, 2012, 131(5): 1210-1219.
8. 邹小农, 贾漫漫, 王鑫, 等. 《2020全球癌症报告》要点解读. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2021, 28(1): 11-18.
9. Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time (International Agency for Research on Cancer). URL: https://gco.iarc.fr/overtime. Accessed on 1 May 2022.
10. GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 2021, 397(10292): 2337-2360.
11. Jiang D, Zhang L, Liu W, et al. Trends in cancer mortality in China from 2004 to 2018: A nationwide longitudinal study. Cancer Commun (Lond), 2021, 41(10): 1024-1036.
12. Parascandola M, Xiao L. Tobacco and the lung cancer epidemic in China. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2019, 8(Suppl 1): S21-S30.
13. Hosgood HD 3rd, Boffetta P, Greenland S, et al. In-home coal and wood use and lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Environ Health Perspect, 2010, 118(12): 1743-1747.
14. Kurmi OP, Arya PH, Lam KB, et al. Lung cancer risk and solid fuel smoke exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J, 2012, 40(5): 1228-1237.
15. Qiu AY, Leng S, McCormack M, et al. Lung effects of household air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2022, 10(11): 2807-2819.
16. Singh N, Agrawal S, Jiwnani S, et al. Lung cancer in India. J Thorac Oncol, 2021, 16(8): 1250-1266.
17. Kaur H, Sehgal IS, Bal A, et al. Evolving epidemiology of lung cancer in India: Reducing non-small cell lung cancer-not otherwise specified and quantifying tobacco smoke exposure are the key. Indian J Cancer, 2017, 54(1): 285-290.
18. Mohan A, Garg A, Gupta A, et al. Clinical profile of lung cancer in North India: A 10-year analysis of 1862 patients from a tertiary care center. Lung India, 2020, 37(3): 190-197.
19. Shaikh R, Janssen F, Vogt T. The progression of the tobacco epidemic in India on the national and regional level, 1998-2016. BMC Public Health, 2022, 22(1): 317.
20. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin, 2023, 73(1): 17-48.
21. Jani C, Marshall DC, Singh H, et al. Lung cancer mortality in Europe and the USA between 2000 and 2017: An observational analysis. ERJ Open Res, 2021, 7(4): 00311-2021.
22. Forsea AM. Cancer registries in Europe-going forward is the only option. Ecancermedicalscience, 2016, 10: 641.
23. 中国省区水平肺癌死亡率估计方法研究. 第二届国家癌症中心学术年会论文集. 2012: 34.
24. 中国疾病预防控制中心. 2018 年中国成人烟草调查结果. 2019. URL:http://www.chinacdc.cn/yw_9324/201905/t20190530_202932.html.
25. GBD 2015 Tobacco Collaborators. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 2017, 389(10082): 1885-1906.
26. Bruce N, Dherani M, Liu R, et al. Does household use of biomass fuel cause lung cancer? A systematic review and evaluation of the evidence for the GBD 2010 study. Thorax, 2015, 70(5): 433-441.
27. Koo LC, Ho JH. Worldwide epidemiological patterns of lung cancer in nonsmokers. Int J Epidemiol, 1990, 19(Suppl 1): S14-S23.
28. Perrotta F, D'Agnano V, Scialò F, et al. Evolving concepts in COPD and lung cancer: A narrative review. Minerva Med, 2022, 113(3): 436-448.
29. Qi C, Sun SW, Xiong XZ. From COPD to lung cancer: Mechanisms linking, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2022, 17: 2603-2621.
30. El Rayes T, Catena R, Lee S, et al. Lung inflammation promotes metastasis through neutrophil protease-mediated degradation of Tsp-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2015, 112(52): 16000-16005.
31. Sigel K, Makinson A, Thaler J. Lung cancer in persons with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 2017, 12(1): 31-38.
32. Shiels MS, Cole SR, Mehta SH, et al. Lung cancer incidence and mortality among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2010, 55(4): 510-515.
33. Sigel K, Wisnivesky J, Gordon K, et al. HIV as an independent risk factor for incident lung cancer. AIDS, 2012, 26(8): 1017-1025.
34. Engels EA, Brock MV, Chen J, et al. Elevated incidence of lung cancer among HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(9): 1383-1388.
35. Chaturvedi AK, Pfeiffer RM, Chang L, et al. Elevated risk of lung cancer among people with AIDS. AIDS, 2007, 21(2): 207-213.
36. Kirk GD, Merlo C, O' Driscoll P, et al. HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, independent of smoking. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 45(1): 103-110.
37. Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS, et al. Adult and adolescent spectrum of sisease project and HIV outpatient study investigators. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992-2003. Ann Intern Med, 2008, 148(10): 728-736.
38. Rivera C, Pecuchet N, Wermert D, et al. Obesity and lung cancer: Incidence and repercussions on epidemiology, pathology and treatments. Rev Pneumol Clin, 2015, 71(1): 37-43.
39. Wang G, Qiu M, Xing X, et al. Lung cancer scRNA-seq and lipidomics reveal aberrant lipid metabolism for early-stage diagnosis. Sci Transl Med, 2022, 14(630): eabk2756.
40. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025(third edition). URL: WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, fourth edition.
41. 《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》. 中国肿瘤, 2019, 28(10): 724.
42. 《健康中国行动(2019-2030)》. 中国组织工程研究, 2020, 24(36): 5905.
43. 陈悦. 我国高发生活方式病研究. 遵义医科大学, 2022.
44. Adams SJ, Stone E, Baldwin DR, et al. Lung cancer screening. Lancet, 2023, 401(10374): 390-408.
45. 赫捷, 李霓, 陈万青, 等. 中国肺癌筛查与早诊早治指南(2021, 北京). 中国肿瘤, 2021, 30(2): 81-111.
46. Kee D, Wisnivesky J, Kale MS. Lung cancer screening uptake: Analysis of BRFSS 2018. J Gen Intern Med, 2021, 36(9): 2897-2899.
47. Cao W, Tan F, Liu K, et al. Uptake of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography in China: A multi-centre population-based study. EClinica lMedicine, 2022, 52: 101594.
48. Quaife SL, Ruparel M, Dickson JL, et al. Lung Screen Uptake Trial (LSUT): Randomized controlled clinical trial testing targeted invitation materials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 201(8): 965-975.
49. Fitzgerald RC, Antoniou AC, Fruk L, et al. The future of early cancer detection. Nat Med, 2022, 28(4): 666-677.
50. Liu MC, Oxnard GR, Klein EA, et al. CCGA Consortium. Sensitive and specific multi-cancer detection and localization using methylation signatures in cell-free DNA. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31(6): 745-759.
51. Hubbell E, Clarke CA, Aravanis AM, et al. Modeled reductions in late-stage cancer with a multi-cancer early detection test. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2021, 30(3): 460-468.
52. Hackshaw A, Cohen SS, Reichert H, et al. Estimating the population health impact of a multi-cancer early detection genomic blood test to complement existing screening in the US and UK. Br J Cancer, 2021, 125(10): 1432-1442.
53. 潘世泽, 汪巍, 方一凡, 等. 叶酸受体阳性循环肿瘤细胞检测对早期肺癌的诊断效能. 山东医药, 2017, 57(47): 69-72.
54. Zhou Q, Geng Q, Wang L, et al. Value of folate receptor-positive circulating tumour cells in the clinical management of indeterminate lung nodules: A non-invasive biomarker for predicting malignancy and tumour invasiveness. EBioMedicine. 2019, 41: 236-243.
55. Pérol M, Felip E, Dafni U, et al. Effectiveness of PD-(L)1 inhibitors alone or in combination with platinum-doublet chemotherapy in first-line (1L) non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (Nsq-NSCLC) with PD-L1-high expression using real-world data. Ann Oncol, 2022, 33(5): 511-521.
56. Pan Y, Liu X, Zhang W, et al. Association of PD-L1 expression with efficacy of alectinib in advanced NSCLC patients with ALK fusion. Lung Cancer, 2023, 181: 107233.
57. Febbraro M, Gheware A, Kennedy T, et al. Barriers to access: Global variability in implementing treatment advances in lung cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book, 2022, 42: 1-7.
58. 董懂, 黄意恒, 张亚杰, 等. 《中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南(2023版)》解读. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2023, 30(11): 1533-1538.

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