Research progress in the relationship between thyroid disease and alopecia areata_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

FAN Yuanyuan , ZHENG Xun ,  WEI Tao

Division of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WEI Tao, Email: surgeonwei5776@163.com

Keywords：

alopecia areata; thyroid disease; autoimmune thyroid disease; thyroid dysfunction; thyroid cancer

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202310090

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize and analyze the possible association between thyroid diseases and alopecia areata. Method The literatures on the relationship between thyroid disease and alopecia areata in recent years were searched and reviewed. Results Among individuals with alopecia areata, the risk of thyroid disease was heightened. They were more susceptible to autoimmune thyroid conditions, often accompanied by thyroid function abnormalities. Moreover, alopecia areata patients face an increased risk of thyroid cancer. However, in patients with thyroid disease, the change of the incidence of alopecia areata was not completely clear. The risk of alopecia areata was increased in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, and abnormal thyroid function may be one of the potential reasons for the persistence of alopecia areata. Conclusions Autoimmune thyroid disease and alopecia areata may have a common disease basis. Patients with alopecia areata are at greater risk of autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid dysfunction. The increased risk of alopecia areata in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease may be related to abnormal thyroid function.

Citation： FAN Yuanyuan, ZHENG Xun, WEI Tao. Research progress in the relationship between thyroid disease and alopecia areata. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2024, 31(5): 634-640. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202310090 Copy

1.	McLeod DS, Cooper DS. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine, 2012, 42(2): 252-265.
2.	Kravchenko V, Zakharchenko T. Thyroid hormones and minerals in immunocorrection of disorders in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1225494. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1225494.
3.	Xu T, Zheng X, Wei T. Preoperative preparation for Graves’ disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1234056. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1234056.
4.	Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Wartofsky L. Hashimoto thyroiditis: an evidence-based guide to etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pol Arch Intern Med, 2022, 132(3): 16222. doi: 10.20452/pamw.16222.
5.	Chaker L, Razvi S, Bensenor IM, et al. Hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2022, 8(1): 30. doi: 10.1038/s41572-022-00357-7.
6.	Zhai M, Zhang D, Long J, et al. The global burden of thyroid cancer and its attributable risk factor in 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Cancer Med, 2021, 10(13): 4542-4554.
7.	Lee S, Lee H, Lee CH, et al. Comorbidities in alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2019, 80(2): 466-477.
8.	Fukuyama M, Ito T, Ohyama M. Alopecia areata: current understanding of the pathophysiology and update on therapeutic approaches, featuring the Japanese Dermatological Association guidelines. J Dermatol, 2022, 49(1): 19-36.
9.	Zhou C, Li X, Wang C, et al. Alopecia areata: an update on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2021, 61(3): 403-423.
10.	Mancino G, Miro C, Di Cicco E, et al. Thyroid hormone action in epidermal development and homeostasis and its implications in the pathophysiology of the skin. J Endocrinol Invest, 2021, 44(8): 1571-1579.
11.	Lintzeri DA, Constantinou A, Hillmann K, et al. Alopecia areata—current understanding and management. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 2022, 20(1): 59-90.
12.	Bogusławska J, Godlewska M, Gajda E, et al. Cellular and molecular basis of thyroid autoimmunity. Eur Thyroid J, 2022, 11(1): e210024. doi: 10.1530/ETJ-21-0024.
13.	Alhanshali L, Buontempo MG, Lo Sicco KI, et al. Alopecia areata: burden of disease, approach to treatment, and current unmet needs. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol, 2023, 16: 803-820.
14.	Xing L, Dai Z, Jabbari A, et al. Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition. Nat Med, 2014, 20(9): 1043-1049.
15.	黄园园, 刘亚楠, 于世鹏. CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞相关细胞因子与桥本氏甲状腺炎发病机制的研究进展. 中华诊断学电子杂志, 2019, 7(3): 214-216.
16.	Wan S, Xu W, Xie B, et al. The potential of regulatory T cell-based therapies for alopecia areata. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1111547. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111547.
17.	Zhang QY, Ye XP, Zhou Z, et al. Lymphocyte infiltration and thyrocyte destruction are driven by stromal and immune cell components in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 775. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28120-2.
18.	Hamed FN, Åstrand A, Bertolini M, et al. Alopecia areata patients show deficiency of FOXP3⁺CD39⁺ T regulatory cells and clonotypic restriction of Treg TCRβ-chain, which highlights the immunopathological aspect of the disease. PLoS One, 2019, 14(7): e0210308. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210308.
19.	Zheng H, Xu J, Chu Y, et al. A global regulatory network for dysregulated gene expression and abnormal metabolic signaling in immune cells in the microenvironment of Graves’ disease and hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 879824. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879824.
20.	Bain KA, McDonald E, Moffat F, et al. Alopecia areata is characterized by dysregulation in systemic type 17 and type 2 cytokines, which may contribute to disease-associated psychological morbidity. Br J Dermatol, 2020, 182(1): 130-137.
21.	张晓丽, 刘毅. 斑秃免疫学发病机制及治疗进展. 临床皮肤科杂志, 2021, 50(2): 125-128.
22.	Van Acker MM, Schwartz RR, Andrews K, et al. Inheritance-specific dysregulation of Th1- and Th17-associated cytokines in alopecia areata. Biomolecules, 2023, 13(9): 1285. doi: 10.3390/biom13091285.
23.	Connell SJ, Jabbari A. The current state of knowledge of the immune ecosystem in alopecia areata. Autoimmun Rev, 2022, 21(5): 103061. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103061.
24.	Renert-Yuval Y, Pavel AB, Del Duca E, et al. Scalp biomarkers during dupilumab treatment support Th2 pathway pathogenicity in alopecia areata. Allergy, 2023, 78(4): 1047-1059.
25.	Petukhova L, Duvic M, Hordinsky M, et al. Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity. Nature, 2010, 466(7302): 113-117.
26.	胡默然, 沈捷. 不同类型自身免疫性甲状腺疾病与人类白细胞抗原基因的关系及机制研究进展. 实用临床医药杂志, 2021, 25(6): 123-127.
27.	Xin C, Sun X, Lu L, et al. Increased incidence of thyroid disease in patients with alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dermatology, 2020, 236(3): 251-254.
28.	Catak MC, Akcam B, Bilgic Eltan S, et al. Comparing the levels of CTLA-4-dependent biological defects in patients with LRBA deficiency and CTLA-4 insufficiency. Allergy, 2022, 77(10): 3108-3123.
29.	Vargas-Uricoechea H. Molecular mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid disease. Cells, 2023, 12(6): 918. doi: 10.3390/cells12060918.
30.	Weetman AP. An update on the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest, 2021, 44(5): 883-890.
31.	Walter K. Common causes of hair loss. JAMA, 2022, 328(7): 686. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.12461.
32.	Toussi A, Barton VR, Le ST, et al. Psychosocial and psychiatric comorbidities and health-related quality of life in alopecia areata: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2021, 85(1): 162-175.
33.	Vargas-Uricoechea H, Nogueira JP, Pinzón-Fernández MV, et al. The usefulness of thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease. Antibodies (Basel), 2023, 12(3): 48. doi: 10.3390/antib12030048.
34.	李亚洁. 甲状腺自身抗体在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病诊断中的应用价值. 临床医学研究与实践, 2022, 7(4): 99-101.
35.	杨莹, 徐艳艳, 陈晓红, 等. 斑秃患者血清中甲状腺自身抗体、促甲状腺素及甲状腺激素水平的测定与分析. 临床皮肤科杂志, 2018, 47(3): 145-149.
36.	Lee S, Lee YB, Kim BJ, et al. Screening of thyroid function and autoantibodies in patients with alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2019, 80(5): 1410-1413.
37.	Kinoshita-Ise M, Martinez-Cabriales SA, Alhusayen R. Chronological association between alopecia areata and autoimmune thyroid diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatol, 2019, 46(8): 702-709.
38.	Holmes S, Harries M, Macbeth AE, et al. Alopecia areata and risk of atopic and autoimmune conditions: population-based cohort study. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2023, 48(4): 325-331.
39.	Boelaert K, Newby PR, Simmonds MJ, et al. Prevalence and relative risk of other autoimmune diseases in subjects with autoimmune thyroid disease. Am J Med, 2010, 123(2): 183.e1-e9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030.
40.	Dai YX, Tai YH, Chang YT, et al. Bidirectional association between alopecia areata and thyroid diseases: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Arch Dermatol Res, 2021, 313(5): 339-346.
41.	Moseley IH, Thompson JM, George EA, et al. Immune-mediated diseases and subsequent risk of alopecia areata in a prospective study of US women. Arch Dermatol Res, 2023, 315(4): 807-813.
42.	Gharaei Nejad K, Motamed B, Hassanzadeh Rad A, et al. Dermoscopic findings of alopecia in patients with hypothyroidism. Int J Endocrinol Metab, 2022, 20(4): e128938. doi: 10.5812/ijem-128938.
43.	van Beek N, Bodó E, Kromminga A, et al. Thyroid hormones directly alter human hair follicle functions: anagen prolongation and stimulation of both hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and hair pigmentation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008, 93(11): 4381-4388.
44.	O’Sullivan JDB, Nicu C, Picard M, et al. The biology of human hair greying. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 2021, 96(1): 107-128.
45.	Liu LP, Li MH, Zheng YW. Hair follicles as a critical model for monitoring the circadian clock. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(3): 2407. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032407.
46.	Dinh K, Wang Q. A probabilistic Boolean model on hair follicle cell fate regulation by TGF-β. Biophys J, 2022, 121(13): 2638-2652.
47.	Popa A, Carsote M, Cretoiu D, et al. Study of the thyroid profile of patients with alopecia. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(3): 1115. doi: 10.3390/jcm12031115.
48.	Park SM, Oh YJ, Lew BL, et al. The association among thyroid dysfunction, thyroid autoimmunity, and clinical features of alopecia areata: a retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2019, 81(2): 602-605.
49.	李胜华, 张桂英, 文海泉. 甲状腺功能亢进并发斑秃及白癜风1例. 岭南皮肤性病科杂志, 2007, 14(6): 368-368.
50.	郑玉明, 程霞. 斑秃患者血清甲状腺激素水平测定. 放射免疫学杂志, 2003, 16(3): 167.
51.	Hussein RS, Atia T, Bin Dayel S. Impact of thyroid dysfunction on hair disorders. Cureus, 2023, 15(8): e43266. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43266.
52.	Nøst TH, Alcala K, Urbarova I, et al. Systemic inflammation markers and cancer incidence in the UK Biobank. Eur J Epidemiol, 2021, 36(8): 841-848.
53.	Ginckels P, Holvoet P. Oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases and cancer: role of non-coding RNAs. Yale J Biol Med, 2022, 95(1): 129-152.
54.	Bauer AT, Gorzelanny C, Gebhardt C, et al. Interplay between coagulation and inflammation in cancer: limitations and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treat Rev, 2022, 102: 102322. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102322.
55.	Tabatabaei-Panah PS, Moravvej H, Arian S, et al. Overlapping and distinct FAS/FASLG gene polymorphisms in alopecia areata in an iranian population. Immunol Invest, 2020, 49(1-2): 204-214.
56.	Daripally S, Peddi K. Differential cancer risk and survival in Indian oral cancer patients with genic region FAS and FASL polymorphisms. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2022, 133(3): 315-325.
57.	Hoxhaj I, Vukovic V, Boccia S, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of developing a second primary cancer among head and neck cancer patients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 2021, 21(1): 660. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08335-0.
58.	Lee JH, Song Y, Do Han K, et al. Cancer risk by the subtype of alopecia. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 9748. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28142-1.
59.	Phan K, Smith SD. 26 841 Alopecia areata and risk of cancer varies based on type of malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2021, 85(3): AB25.

1. McLeod DS, Cooper DS. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine, 2012, 42(2): 252-265.
2. Kravchenko V, Zakharchenko T. Thyroid hormones and minerals in immunocorrection of disorders in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1225494. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1225494.
3. Xu T, Zheng X, Wei T. Preoperative preparation for Graves’ disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1234056. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1234056.
4. Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Wartofsky L. Hashimoto thyroiditis: an evidence-based guide to etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pol Arch Intern Med, 2022, 132(3): 16222. doi: 10.20452/pamw.16222.
5. Chaker L, Razvi S, Bensenor IM, et al. Hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2022, 8(1): 30. doi: 10.1038/s41572-022-00357-7.
6. Zhai M, Zhang D, Long J, et al. The global burden of thyroid cancer and its attributable risk factor in 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Cancer Med, 2021, 10(13): 4542-4554.
7. Lee S, Lee H, Lee CH, et al. Comorbidities in alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2019, 80(2): 466-477.
8. Fukuyama M, Ito T, Ohyama M. Alopecia areata: current understanding of the pathophysiology and update on therapeutic approaches, featuring the Japanese Dermatological Association guidelines. J Dermatol, 2022, 49(1): 19-36.
9. Zhou C, Li X, Wang C, et al. Alopecia areata: an update on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2021, 61(3): 403-423.
10. Mancino G, Miro C, Di Cicco E, et al. Thyroid hormone action in epidermal development and homeostasis and its implications in the pathophysiology of the skin. J Endocrinol Invest, 2021, 44(8): 1571-1579.
11. Lintzeri DA, Constantinou A, Hillmann K, et al. Alopecia areata—current understanding and management. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 2022, 20(1): 59-90.
12. Bogusławska J, Godlewska M, Gajda E, et al. Cellular and molecular basis of thyroid autoimmunity. Eur Thyroid J, 2022, 11(1): e210024. doi: 10.1530/ETJ-21-0024.
13. Alhanshali L, Buontempo MG, Lo Sicco KI, et al. Alopecia areata: burden of disease, approach to treatment, and current unmet needs. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol, 2023, 16: 803-820.
14. Xing L, Dai Z, Jabbari A, et al. Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition. Nat Med, 2014, 20(9): 1043-1049.
15. 黄园园, 刘亚楠, 于世鹏. CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞相关细胞因子与桥本氏甲状腺炎发病机制的研究进展. 中华诊断学电子杂志, 2019, 7(3): 214-216.
16. Wan S, Xu W, Xie B, et al. The potential of regulatory T cell-based therapies for alopecia areata. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1111547. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111547.
17. Zhang QY, Ye XP, Zhou Z, et al. Lymphocyte infiltration and thyrocyte destruction are driven by stromal and immune cell components in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 775. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28120-2.
18. Hamed FN, Åstrand A, Bertolini M, et al. Alopecia areata patients show deficiency of FOXP3⁺CD39⁺ T regulatory cells and clonotypic restriction of Treg TCRβ-chain, which highlights the immunopathological aspect of the disease. PLoS One, 2019, 14(7): e0210308. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210308.
19. Zheng H, Xu J, Chu Y, et al. A global regulatory network for dysregulated gene expression and abnormal metabolic signaling in immune cells in the microenvironment of Graves’ disease and hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 879824. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879824.
20. Bain KA, McDonald E, Moffat F, et al. Alopecia areata is characterized by dysregulation in systemic type 17 and type 2 cytokines, which may contribute to disease-associated psychological morbidity. Br J Dermatol, 2020, 182(1): 130-137.
21. 张晓丽, 刘毅. 斑秃免疫学发病机制及治疗进展. 临床皮肤科杂志, 2021, 50(2): 125-128.
22. Van Acker MM, Schwartz RR, Andrews K, et al. Inheritance-specific dysregulation of Th1- and Th17-associated cytokines in alopecia areata. Biomolecules, 2023, 13(9): 1285. doi: 10.3390/biom13091285.
23. Connell SJ, Jabbari A. The current state of knowledge of the immune ecosystem in alopecia areata. Autoimmun Rev, 2022, 21(5): 103061. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103061.
24. Renert-Yuval Y, Pavel AB, Del Duca E, et al. Scalp biomarkers during dupilumab treatment support Th2 pathway pathogenicity in alopecia areata. Allergy, 2023, 78(4): 1047-1059.
25. Petukhova L, Duvic M, Hordinsky M, et al. Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity. Nature, 2010, 466(7302): 113-117.
26. 胡默然, 沈捷. 不同类型自身免疫性甲状腺疾病与人类白细胞抗原基因的关系及机制研究进展. 实用临床医药杂志, 2021, 25(6): 123-127.
27. Xin C, Sun X, Lu L, et al. Increased incidence of thyroid disease in patients with alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dermatology, 2020, 236(3): 251-254.
28. Catak MC, Akcam B, Bilgic Eltan S, et al. Comparing the levels of CTLA-4-dependent biological defects in patients with LRBA deficiency and CTLA-4 insufficiency. Allergy, 2022, 77(10): 3108-3123.
29. Vargas-Uricoechea H. Molecular mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid disease. Cells, 2023, 12(6): 918. doi: 10.3390/cells12060918.
30. Weetman AP. An update on the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest, 2021, 44(5): 883-890.
31. Walter K. Common causes of hair loss. JAMA, 2022, 328(7): 686. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.12461.
32. Toussi A, Barton VR, Le ST, et al. Psychosocial and psychiatric comorbidities and health-related quality of life in alopecia areata: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2021, 85(1): 162-175.
33. Vargas-Uricoechea H, Nogueira JP, Pinzón-Fernández MV, et al. The usefulness of thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease. Antibodies (Basel), 2023, 12(3): 48. doi: 10.3390/antib12030048.
34. 李亚洁. 甲状腺自身抗体在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病诊断中的应用价值. 临床医学研究与实践, 2022, 7(4): 99-101.
35. 杨莹, 徐艳艳, 陈晓红, 等. 斑秃患者血清中甲状腺自身抗体、促甲状腺素及甲状腺激素水平的测定与分析. 临床皮肤科杂志, 2018, 47(3): 145-149.
36. Lee S, Lee YB, Kim BJ, et al. Screening of thyroid function and autoantibodies in patients with alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2019, 80(5): 1410-1413.
37. Kinoshita-Ise M, Martinez-Cabriales SA, Alhusayen R. Chronological association between alopecia areata and autoimmune thyroid diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatol, 2019, 46(8): 702-709.
38. Holmes S, Harries M, Macbeth AE, et al. Alopecia areata and risk of atopic and autoimmune conditions: population-based cohort study. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2023, 48(4): 325-331.
39. Boelaert K, Newby PR, Simmonds MJ, et al. Prevalence and relative risk of other autoimmune diseases in subjects with autoimmune thyroid disease. Am J Med, 2010, 123(2): 183.e1-e9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030.
40. Dai YX, Tai YH, Chang YT, et al. Bidirectional association between alopecia areata and thyroid diseases: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Arch Dermatol Res, 2021, 313(5): 339-346.
41. Moseley IH, Thompson JM, George EA, et al. Immune-mediated diseases and subsequent risk of alopecia areata in a prospective study of US women. Arch Dermatol Res, 2023, 315(4): 807-813.
42. Gharaei Nejad K, Motamed B, Hassanzadeh Rad A, et al. Dermoscopic findings of alopecia in patients with hypothyroidism. Int J Endocrinol Metab, 2022, 20(4): e128938. doi: 10.5812/ijem-128938.
43. van Beek N, Bodó E, Kromminga A, et al. Thyroid hormones directly alter human hair follicle functions: anagen prolongation and stimulation of both hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and hair pigmentation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008, 93(11): 4381-4388.
44. O’Sullivan JDB, Nicu C, Picard M, et al. The biology of human hair greying. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 2021, 96(1): 107-128.
45. Liu LP, Li MH, Zheng YW. Hair follicles as a critical model for monitoring the circadian clock. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(3): 2407. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032407.
46. Dinh K, Wang Q. A probabilistic Boolean model on hair follicle cell fate regulation by TGF-β. Biophys J, 2022, 121(13): 2638-2652.
47. Popa A, Carsote M, Cretoiu D, et al. Study of the thyroid profile of patients with alopecia. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(3): 1115. doi: 10.3390/jcm12031115.
48. Park SM, Oh YJ, Lew BL, et al. The association among thyroid dysfunction, thyroid autoimmunity, and clinical features of alopecia areata: a retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2019, 81(2): 602-605.
49. 李胜华, 张桂英, 文海泉. 甲状腺功能亢进并发斑秃及白癜风1例. 岭南皮肤性病科杂志, 2007, 14(6): 368-368.
50. 郑玉明, 程霞. 斑秃患者血清甲状腺激素水平测定. 放射免疫学杂志, 2003, 16(3): 167.
51. Hussein RS, Atia T, Bin Dayel S. Impact of thyroid dysfunction on hair disorders. Cureus, 2023, 15(8): e43266. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43266.
52. Nøst TH, Alcala K, Urbarova I, et al. Systemic inflammation markers and cancer incidence in the UK Biobank. Eur J Epidemiol, 2021, 36(8): 841-848.
53. Ginckels P, Holvoet P. Oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases and cancer: role of non-coding RNAs. Yale J Biol Med, 2022, 95(1): 129-152.
54. Bauer AT, Gorzelanny C, Gebhardt C, et al. Interplay between coagulation and inflammation in cancer: limitations and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treat Rev, 2022, 102: 102322. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102322.
55. Tabatabaei-Panah PS, Moravvej H, Arian S, et al. Overlapping and distinct FAS/FASLG gene polymorphisms in alopecia areata in an iranian population. Immunol Invest, 2020, 49(1-2): 204-214.
56. Daripally S, Peddi K. Differential cancer risk and survival in Indian oral cancer patients with genic region FAS and FASL polymorphisms. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2022, 133(3): 315-325.
57. Hoxhaj I, Vukovic V, Boccia S, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of developing a second primary cancer among head and neck cancer patients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 2021, 21(1): 660. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08335-0.
58. Lee JH, Song Y, Do Han K, et al. Cancer risk by the subtype of alopecia. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 9748. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28142-1.
59. Phan K, Smith SD. 26 841 Alopecia areata and risk of cancer varies based on type of malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2021, 85(3): AB25.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Research progress in the relationship between thyroid disease and alopecia areata

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