Home <i>versus</i> ambulatory versus office blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis and management of hypertension_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

XU Fangfang ¹ , LIU Diya ¹ , LI Yao ¹ ,  ZHANG Yi ²

1. Medical College of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R.China;
2. Department of Cardiovascular, The 10^th People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 10^th People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200070, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Yi, Email: yizshcn@gmail.com

Keywords：

Office blood pressure monitoring; Home blood pressure monitoring; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; hypertension; Diagnoses; Hypertensive end-organ damage; Self-management

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.201905074

Video：

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Objective To compare home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) versus ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) versus office blood pressure monitoring (OBPM) in diagnosis and management of hypertension, and to find the optimal blood pressure measurement and management.Methods The following were compared among three BP monitoring, such as cost-effectiveness, prognostic value of target organ damage (TOD), predictive value of the progress in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and blood pressure variety (BPV). Results Compared to OBPM, ABPM was the most cost-effective method in the primary diagnosis of hypertension, but HBPM was the optimal method in long-term and self-management in hypertension. In hypertensives, compared to OBPM, HBPM and ABPM, especially HBPM, had a stronger predictive value for cardiovascular events, stroke, end-stage renal dysfunction (ESRD) and all-cause mortality. In hypertensives with renal dysfunction, controlling HBPM and ABPM, especially controlling ABPM, was an effective way to slow the progress in renal dysfunction, to decrease cardiovascular events, and to decrease the need of dialysis. All BPV derived from OBPM, ABPM and HBPM had a predictive significance of cardiovascular events, and HBPM BPV performed the best.Conclusion Compared to OBPM, ABPM is the best method in primary diagnosis of hypertension and BP control in CKD patients, while HBPM is the best method in predicting and in evaluating BPV, as well as in long-term and self-management in hypertension.

Citation： XU Fangfang, LIU Diya, LI Yao, ZHANG Yi. Home versus ambulatory versus office blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis and management of hypertension. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2020, 20(2): 207-213. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.201905074 Copy

1.	Bauer F, Seibert FS, Rohn B, et al. Attended versus unattended blood pressure measurement in a real life setting. Hypertension, 2018, 71(2): 243-249.
2.	Sharman JE, Howes FS, Head GA, et al. Home blood pressure monitoring: Australian Expert Consensus Statement. J Hypertens, 2015, 33(9): 1721-1728.
3.	Band R, Bradbury K, Morton K, et al. Intervention planning for a digital intervention for self-management of hypertension: a theory, evidence and person-based approach. Implement Sci, 2017, 12(1): 25.
4.	Siu AL, Force USPST. Screening for high blood pressure in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163(10): JC1.
5.	Yang Q, Cogswell ME, Flanders WD, et al. Trends in cardiovascular health metrics and associations with all-cause and CVD mortality among US adults. JAMA, 2012, 307(12): 1273-1283.
6.	Davison WJ, Myint PK, Clark AB, et al. Blood pressure differences between home monitoring and daytime ambulatory values and their reproducibility in treated hypertensive stroke and TIA patients. Am Heart J, 2019, 207: 58-65.
7.	O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, et al. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens, 2003, 21(5): 821-848.
8.	Parati G, Ochoa JE, Lombardi C, et al. Blood pressure variability: assessment, predictive value, and potential as a therapeutic target. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2015, 17(4): 537.
9.	Sheppard JP, Schwartz CL, Tucker KL, et al. Modern management and diagnosis of hypertension in the United Kingdom: home care and self-care. Ann Glob Health, 2016, 82(2): 274-287.
10.	Imai Y, Kario K, Shimada K, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure at Home (Second Edition). Hypertens Res, 2012, 35(8): 777-795.
11.	Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for themanagement of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens, 2013, 31(7): 1281-1357.
12.	Ward AM, Takahashi O, Stevens R, et al. Home measurement of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Hypertens, 2012, 30(3): 449-456.
13.	Fuchs SC, Mello RG, Fuchs FC. Home blood pressure monitoring is better predictor of cardiovascular disease and target organ damage than office blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Cardiol Rep, 2013, 15(11): 413.
14.	Niiranen TJ, Mäki J, Puukka P, et al. Office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures as predictors of cardiovascular risk. Hypertension, 2014, 64(2): 281-286.
15.	Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation, 2005, 111(5): 697-716.
16.	O'Brien E, Atkins N, Stergiou G, et al. European society of hypertension international protocol revision 2010 for the validation of blood pressure measuring devices in adults. Blood Press Monit, 2010, 15(3): 171-172.
17.	中国高血压联盟《家庭血压监测指南》委员会. 2019中国家庭血压监测指南. 中国循环杂志, 2019, 34(7): 635-639.
18.	Muntner P, Carey RM, Jamerson K, et al. Rationale for ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring thresholds in the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline. Hypertension, 2019, 73(1): 33-38.
19.	Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F. Prognostic value of white-coat and masked hypertension diagnosed by ambulatory monitoring in initially untreated subjects: an updated meta analysis. Am J Hypertens, 2011, 24(1): 52-58.
20.	Hodgkinson J, Mant J, Martin U, et al. Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review. BMJ, 2011, 342: d3621.
21.	Ugajin T, Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, et al. White-coat hypertension as a risk factor for the development of home hypertension: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med, 2005, 165(13): 1541-1546.
22.	Mancia G, Bombelli M, Facchetti R, et al. Long-term risk of sustained hypertension in white-coat or masked hypertension. Hypertension, 2009, 54(2): 226-232.
23.	Beyhaghi H, Viera AJ. Comparative cost-effectiveness of clinic, home, or ambulatory blood pressure measurement for hypertension diagnosis in US adults. Hypertension, 2019, 73(1): 121-131.
24.	He J, Irazola V, Mills KT, et al. Effect of a community health worker-led multicomponent intervention on blood pressure control in low-income patients in Argentina: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2017, 318(11): 1016-1025.
25.	Zhang L, Li Y, Wei FF, et al. Strategies for classifying patients based on office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure measurement. Hypertension, 2015, 65(6): 1258-1265.
26.	Lovibond K, Jowett S, Barton P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a modelling study. Lancet, 2011, 378(9798): 1219-1230.
27.	Breaux-Shropshire TL, Judd E, Vucovich LA, et al. Does home blood pressure monitoring improve patient outcomes? A systematic review comparing home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on blood pressure control and patient outcomes. Integr Blood Press Control, 2015, 8: 43-49.
28.	Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation, 2005, 111(14): 1777-1783.
29.	Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens, 1998, 16(7): 971-975.
30.	Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of "masked hypertension" detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA, 2004, 291(11): 1342-1349.
31.	Satoh M, Asayama K, Murakami T, et al. Stroke risk due to partial white-coat or masked hypertension based on the ACC/AHA guideline's blood pressure threshold: the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res, 2019, 42(1): 120-122.
32.	Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, et al. Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension, 2005, 46(1): 156-161.
33.	Ben-Dov IZ, Kark JD, Ben-Ishay D, et al. Predictors of all-cause mortality in clinical ambulatory monitoring: unique aspects of blood pressure during sleep. Hypertension, 2007, 49(6): 1235-1241.
34.	Hansen TW, Jeppesen J, Rasmussen S, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and risk of cardiovascular disease: a population based study. Am J Hypertens, 2006, 19(3): 243-250.
35.	Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of ambulatory blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(7): 1175-1180.
36.	Minutolo R, Agarwal R, Borrelli S, et al. Prognostic role of ambulatory blood pressure measurement in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med, 2011, 171(12): 1090-1098.
37.	Satoh M, Asayama K, Kikuya M, et al. Long-term stroke risk due to partial white-coat or masked hypertension based on home and ambulatory blood pressure measurements: The Ohasama study. Hypertension, 2016, 67(1): 48-55.
38.	Wright-Nunes JA, Luther JM, Ikizler TA, et al. Patient knowledge of blood pressure target is associated with improved blood pressure control in chronic kidney disease. Patient Educ Couns, 2012, 88(2): 184-188.
39.	Cupisti A, Ghiadoni L, Zullo C, et al. Home blood pressure measurement as a systematic tool for clinical practice in CKD patients: a real-world picture. Panminerva Med, 2018, 60(1): 1-7.
40.	Minutolo R, Gabbai FB, Agarwal R, et al. Assessment of achieved clinic and ambulatory blood pressure recordings and outcomes during treatment in hypertensive patients with CKD: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis, 2014, 64(5): 744-752.
41.	Manto A, Dzudie A, Halle MP, et al. Agreement between home and ambulatory blood pressure measurement in non-dialysed chronic kidney disease patients in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J, 2018, 29: 71.
42.	Ntineri A, Kalogeropoulos PG, Kyriakoulis KG, et al. Prognostic value of average home blood pressure and variability: 19-year follow-up of the Didima study. J Hypertens, 2018, 36(1): 69-76.
43.	Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, et al. Visit-to-visit and ambulatory blood pressure variability as predictors of incident cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 2012, 25(9): 962-968.
44.	Oparil S. Updated guidelines for management of high blood pressure in japan the Japanese society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2014). Hypertens Res, 2014, 37(6): 484-487.
45.	Setia S, Subramaniam K, Teo BW, et al. Ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring: gaps between clinical guidelines and clinical practice in Singapore. Int J Gen Med, 2017, 10: 189-197.

1. Bauer F, Seibert FS, Rohn B, et al. Attended versus unattended blood pressure measurement in a real life setting. Hypertension, 2018, 71(2): 243-249.
2. Sharman JE, Howes FS, Head GA, et al. Home blood pressure monitoring: Australian Expert Consensus Statement. J Hypertens, 2015, 33(9): 1721-1728.
3. Band R, Bradbury K, Morton K, et al. Intervention planning for a digital intervention for self-management of hypertension: a theory, evidence and person-based approach. Implement Sci, 2017, 12(1): 25.
4. Siu AL, Force USPST. Screening for high blood pressure in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163(10): JC1.
5. Yang Q, Cogswell ME, Flanders WD, et al. Trends in cardiovascular health metrics and associations with all-cause and CVD mortality among US adults. JAMA, 2012, 307(12): 1273-1283.
6. Davison WJ, Myint PK, Clark AB, et al. Blood pressure differences between home monitoring and daytime ambulatory values and their reproducibility in treated hypertensive stroke and TIA patients. Am Heart J, 2019, 207: 58-65.
7. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, et al. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens, 2003, 21(5): 821-848.
8. Parati G, Ochoa JE, Lombardi C, et al. Blood pressure variability: assessment, predictive value, and potential as a therapeutic target. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2015, 17(4): 537.
9. Sheppard JP, Schwartz CL, Tucker KL, et al. Modern management and diagnosis of hypertension in the United Kingdom: home care and self-care. Ann Glob Health, 2016, 82(2): 274-287.
10. Imai Y, Kario K, Shimada K, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure at Home (Second Edition). Hypertens Res, 2012, 35(8): 777-795.
11. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for themanagement of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens, 2013, 31(7): 1281-1357.
12. Ward AM, Takahashi O, Stevens R, et al. Home measurement of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Hypertens, 2012, 30(3): 449-456.
13. Fuchs SC, Mello RG, Fuchs FC. Home blood pressure monitoring is better predictor of cardiovascular disease and target organ damage than office blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Cardiol Rep, 2013, 15(11): 413.
14. Niiranen TJ, Mäki J, Puukka P, et al. Office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures as predictors of cardiovascular risk. Hypertension, 2014, 64(2): 281-286.
15. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation, 2005, 111(5): 697-716.
16. O'Brien E, Atkins N, Stergiou G, et al. European society of hypertension international protocol revision 2010 for the validation of blood pressure measuring devices in adults. Blood Press Monit, 2010, 15(3): 171-172.
17. 中国高血压联盟《家庭血压监测指南》委员会. 2019中国家庭血压监测指南. 中国循环杂志, 2019, 34(7): 635-639.
18. Muntner P, Carey RM, Jamerson K, et al. Rationale for ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring thresholds in the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline. Hypertension, 2019, 73(1): 33-38.
19. Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F. Prognostic value of white-coat and masked hypertension diagnosed by ambulatory monitoring in initially untreated subjects: an updated meta analysis. Am J Hypertens, 2011, 24(1): 52-58.
20. Hodgkinson J, Mant J, Martin U, et al. Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review. BMJ, 2011, 342: d3621.
21. Ugajin T, Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, et al. White-coat hypertension as a risk factor for the development of home hypertension: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med, 2005, 165(13): 1541-1546.
22. Mancia G, Bombelli M, Facchetti R, et al. Long-term risk of sustained hypertension in white-coat or masked hypertension. Hypertension, 2009, 54(2): 226-232.
23. Beyhaghi H, Viera AJ. Comparative cost-effectiveness of clinic, home, or ambulatory blood pressure measurement for hypertension diagnosis in US adults. Hypertension, 2019, 73(1): 121-131.
24. He J, Irazola V, Mills KT, et al. Effect of a community health worker-led multicomponent intervention on blood pressure control in low-income patients in Argentina: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2017, 318(11): 1016-1025.
25. Zhang L, Li Y, Wei FF, et al. Strategies for classifying patients based on office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure measurement. Hypertension, 2015, 65(6): 1258-1265.
26. Lovibond K, Jowett S, Barton P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a modelling study. Lancet, 2011, 378(9798): 1219-1230.
27. Breaux-Shropshire TL, Judd E, Vucovich LA, et al. Does home blood pressure monitoring improve patient outcomes? A systematic review comparing home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on blood pressure control and patient outcomes. Integr Blood Press Control, 2015, 8: 43-49.
28. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation, 2005, 111(14): 1777-1783.
29. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens, 1998, 16(7): 971-975.
30. Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of "masked hypertension" detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA, 2004, 291(11): 1342-1349.
31. Satoh M, Asayama K, Murakami T, et al. Stroke risk due to partial white-coat or masked hypertension based on the ACC/AHA guideline's blood pressure threshold: the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res, 2019, 42(1): 120-122.
32. Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, et al. Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension, 2005, 46(1): 156-161.
33. Ben-Dov IZ, Kark JD, Ben-Ishay D, et al. Predictors of all-cause mortality in clinical ambulatory monitoring: unique aspects of blood pressure during sleep. Hypertension, 2007, 49(6): 1235-1241.
34. Hansen TW, Jeppesen J, Rasmussen S, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and risk of cardiovascular disease: a population based study. Am J Hypertens, 2006, 19(3): 243-250.
35. Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of ambulatory blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(7): 1175-1180.
36. Minutolo R, Agarwal R, Borrelli S, et al. Prognostic role of ambulatory blood pressure measurement in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med, 2011, 171(12): 1090-1098.
37. Satoh M, Asayama K, Kikuya M, et al. Long-term stroke risk due to partial white-coat or masked hypertension based on home and ambulatory blood pressure measurements: The Ohasama study. Hypertension, 2016, 67(1): 48-55.
38. Wright-Nunes JA, Luther JM, Ikizler TA, et al. Patient knowledge of blood pressure target is associated with improved blood pressure control in chronic kidney disease. Patient Educ Couns, 2012, 88(2): 184-188.
39. Cupisti A, Ghiadoni L, Zullo C, et al. Home blood pressure measurement as a systematic tool for clinical practice in CKD patients: a real-world picture. Panminerva Med, 2018, 60(1): 1-7.
40. Minutolo R, Gabbai FB, Agarwal R, et al. Assessment of achieved clinic and ambulatory blood pressure recordings and outcomes during treatment in hypertensive patients with CKD: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis, 2014, 64(5): 744-752.
41. Manto A, Dzudie A, Halle MP, et al. Agreement between home and ambulatory blood pressure measurement in non-dialysed chronic kidney disease patients in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J, 2018, 29: 71.
42. Ntineri A, Kalogeropoulos PG, Kyriakoulis KG, et al. Prognostic value of average home blood pressure and variability: 19-year follow-up of the Didima study. J Hypertens, 2018, 36(1): 69-76.
43. Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, et al. Visit-to-visit and ambulatory blood pressure variability as predictors of incident cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 2012, 25(9): 962-968.
44. Oparil S. Updated guidelines for management of high blood pressure in japan the Japanese society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2014). Hypertens Res, 2014, 37(6): 484-487.
45. Setia S, Subramaniam K, Teo BW, et al. Ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring: gaps between clinical guidelines and clinical practice in Singapore. Int J Gen Med, 2017, 10: 189-197.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Home versus ambulatory versus office blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis and management of hypertension

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